Evaluating the Efficiency of Toman Fish (Channa micropeltes) Chitosan in Reducing COD and Other Pollutants in Tofu Wastewater

<p>Central Java, especially Pekalongan, is one of the largest batik centres with a high amount of batik waste and has the potential to pollute the environment. Wastewater treatment using the electrocoagulation method as an alternative to environmental pollution prevention in Pekalongan Regency. This study determined the effect of stress and resistance time on decreasing COD, BOD and TSS levels in batik wastewater. The analysis performed on the samples included BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TSS (total suspended solids), and pH. Voltage variations of 12, 24, and 30 volts and holding times of 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes were applied. A pair of aluminium metals (Al-Al) was used with a thickness of 0.1 cm, an area of 12x14 cm, and a volume of 2500 ml. The results showed that the voltage and contact time decreased the amount of COD, BOD and TSS. In addition, the results showed that the electrocoagulation method at a voltage of 30 volts and a contact time of 180 minutes could reduce COD levels by 75.78%, TSS levels by 93.9%, and BOD levels by 83.75%.</p>

Wastewater from tofu industries contain many parameters such as total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). These parameters are present in high amount and can endanger the aquatic environment and also decrease water quality. Several studies have been conducted to reduce these parameters, but still require a longer time which is around 12 to 78 days. This study aims to discuss the processes and methods to reduce TSS, TDS, turbidity, and COD parameters from tofu wastewater. The processes discussed in this study include a combined process of coagulation-flocculation and ultrafiltration (UF). The results of the study show that TSS, turbidity and COD reduced to 60%, 60% and 20%, respectively, in the coagulation-flocculation process, but TDS increased to around 90% because of the neutralization process using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Furthermore, it was shown that the combined process of coagulation-flocculation and UF was able to reduce TSS, turbidity, COD and TDS up to 99%, 99%, 75% and 50%, respectively. All the parameters contained in the water produced from the combined process of coagulation-flocculation and UF was in line with the National Environmental Quality Standard requirements, excluding COD due to the COD content in fresh tofu wastewater is very high.

The tofu industry is generally a household-scale industry so that the efficiency of water used and wastewater treatment are mistreated. Wastewater from tofu industry is very hazardous when discharged directly into the aquatic environment as it contains high organic pollutants which is indicated by high concentrations of BOD (biological oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspended solid), TDS (total dissolved solid) and turbidity. The optimization of wastewater treatment process is needed to meet the quality standards set by the government and also needed to obtain more effective and efficient effluent treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of combination coagulation-flocculation and ultrafiltration processes for tofu industry wastewater treatment. The process of pretreatment coagulation and flocculation using poly aluminum chloride (PAC) was conducted to extend the life of the ultrafiltration membrane and improve the performance of ultrafiltration membrane separation. The experimental results showed that TSS and turbidity decreased with precipitation time whereas COD did not significantly change. TDS after coagulation-flocculation has increased due to the addition of PAC. The TSS, TDS, COD and turbidity of wastewater were drastically reduced after experiencing ultrafiltration process. After the ultrafiltration process, the TSS, Turbidity, COD and TDS rejection were 98.8%, 98.1%, 71.0% and 50.6%, respectively.

The tofu industry is one of the industries that is growing rapidly in Indonesia, which has an impact on the abundance of liquid waste it produces. In general, liquid waste from the tofu industry has a Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of 5,000–10,000 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 7,000–12,000 mg/L, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) of 6,000–8,000 mg/L, and a pH of around 4-5. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 2014, states that the maximum level of COD is 300 mg/L, BOD level is 150 mg/L, TSS level is 200 mg/L, and pH is 6-9. Several methods that have been carried out in previous research for tofu liquid waste treatment are ozonation, Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) based on O3/H2O2, adsorption with activated carbon. In this study, a combination of adsorption using activated carbon and the O3/H2O2-based AOPs method was carried out for tofu wastewater treatment by reducing BOD levels. The best result is the combination of AOPs and adsorption which is able to degrade BOD levels to 64%.

Small and medium industries such as tofu industry are characterized as industries with high levels of pollution because it lacks or does not have a wastewater handling system. Tofu wastewater contains high level of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS). If referring to the standard quality of wastewater, tofu wastewater requires treatment before being discharged into water bodies. This research aims to find out the effect of residence time and plant mass variation on the efficiency of reducing COD and TSS in tofu wastewater. This research were used anaerobic reactors with bioball media and phytoremediation reactors using kiambang (salviniamolesta) with plant mass variations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 grams. The research begins with the process of seeding to breed microorganisms derived from tofu wastewater then proceed with running on the anaerobic reactor until the reduction in COD reaches 60% -70%. On the 6th day of running, the reduction in COD has reached 66.66% so that it can be continued flowing tofu wastewater to the phytoremediation reactor. The process of running on phytoremediation is done with variations in plant mass and residence time of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. The results showed that the variation of residence time affected the level of COD and TSS reduction. In phytoremediation reactors, the best plant mass in reducing COD levels is 250 grams with removal efficiency at D-7 reaching 59.61% while the best plant mass in reducing TSS levels is 50 grams with removal efficiency at D-7 reaching 89.41 %.

High organic pollutant in tofu wastewater (TWW) raises a negative impact on environmental sustainability and health. Therefore, the TWW must be treated before it is discharged into the environment. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is one of the green technologies that can be used to treat wastewater and generate hydrogen as well. This work tries to investigate the performance of MEC based on the decrement of organic pollutants in TWW. Some important parameters of organic pollutants in TWW such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solid (TS), and pH were evaluated before and after MEC operation. The results showed that the COD and BOD levels decreased around 56% and 35% while pH increased from 7.90 to 7.16. Additionally, the TSS, TDS, and TS decreased by around 35.0%, 45.5%, and 33.2%. In addition, the optimum hydrogen yield (YH2) and hydrogen production rate (QH2) were obtained at 114 ± 0.1 mL H2/g COD 360 ± 20 mL H2/L/d. Overall, the MEC system could be used to reduce the level of organic pollutants in TWW and generated H2 at the same time.

The tofu industry produces waste that has a high organic material content, so if it is exposed directly into a hazardous environment. One of the alternatives for waste treatment is the filtration method, which aims to make the liquid waste produced by the tofu industry comply with existing quality standards. This study aim ed to determine the effect of filtering on the concentration of Chemical Oxygen Deman d (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and pH of tofu wastewater with a combination of filtration media, namely rice husks, charcoal, zeolite, and quartz sand. This research was conducted in July, 2020 at the Agro-Industry Quality Testing Laboratory of the Agro-Industry Study Program, Subang State Polytechnic. The research method is descriptive quantitative with the type of experimental research to determine the effect of filtering on the concentration of COD, TSS, and pH of tofu liquid waste. The treatments were T0: Tofu liquid waste without filtering; T1: Tofu liquid waste is filtered twice; T2: Tofu liquid waste is filtered 4 times. Each treatment received 4 replications. The parameters observed were COD, TSS, and the pH of tofu liquid waste. The results show that the frequency of filtering can reduce COD and TSS concentrations and can increase the pH of tofu liquid waste and the best treatment can reduce COD (308 mg / L), and TSS (282 mg / L) values, and increase pH (5). is T2, namely by 4 times filtering.

Mining activities and community activities around the Way Umpu River have the potential to be the main source of the decline in the water quality of the Way Umpu River. Therefore, to determine the level of pollution in the Way Umpu River, it is necessary to test the quality of river water using several chemical and physical parameters such as TSS (Total Suspended Solid), DO (Dissolved Oxygen), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), and Phosphate. The study aims to study the differences in levels of TSS, DO, BOD, COD, and phosphate in river water before and after the mining location. The research is an observational study. Samples were taken from two points, namely the upstream (before the mining location) and the downstream (after the mining location). The average result after the analysis test is then compared with the river water quality standard in accordance with the provisions of Government Regulation no. 11 of 2012 concerning class III river water quality standards. There is no significant difference before and after mining location for the average levels of TSS, DO, BOD, and Phosphate parameters (p-value > 0.05). In the COD parameter, there is a significant difference (p-value < 0.05). Overall, the average yields of TSS, DO, BOD, COD, and Phosphate after the mining location have met the quality standards set out in accordance with Government Regulation. Therefore, it can be concluded that mining activities and community activities around the Way Umpu River have not completely decreased the water quality of the Way Umpu River in the last four years.

Wastewater produced from tofu manufacturing typically contains substantial amounts of organic substances and suspended particles. The concentrations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) frequently surpass the permissible thresholds established in the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (Permen LHK) No. P.16 of 2019. Such high levels of pollutants may degrade water quality and pose risks to both aquatic ecosystems and public health in nearby areas. This study investigates the efficiency of combining activated carbon and bentonite, in both raw and activated forms, for reducing BOD, COD, and TSS concentrations in wastewater originating from tofu industries. The BOD test was performed using a five-day incubation at 24 °C, COD was analysed via the closed reflux method, and TSS was quantified using the gravimetric approach. Adsorbent characteristics were examined in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), supported by functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and morphological observation with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that activation enhanced pore development and improved the adsorption capability of both materials. The combined activated carbon and bentonite effectively decreased BOD from 3,600 mg/L to 140 mg/L, COD from 1,500 mg/L to 185 mg/L, and TSS from 320 mg/L to 270 mg/L. All treated parameters met the regulatory quality standards, indicating that the activated mixture of these adsorbents provides an efficient and environmentally sound method for treating tofu processing wastewater.

Wastewater from tofu industry is one of water pollution sources that still require more effective treatment. This study aim to treat wastewater from tofu industry through a combination of coagulation-flocculation and ultrafiltration processes. Coagulation-flocculation is conducted prior to ultrafiltration process to minimize the effect of fouling on membrane and to improve the performance of ultrafiltration process. Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant with doses of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm. The wastewater feed have pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and chemical oxygen demand in the ranges of 3.8 - 4, 850 - 880 mg /L, 380 - 420 mg /L, 450-530 FAU and 5600 - 6600 mg /L, respectively. Experimental results showed that the effectiveness of coagulation increased with the addition of coagulant dose until the optimum dose is reached. After coagulation-flocculation process, COD, TSS, and turbidity decreased, whereas TDS increased. The optimum dose of the coagulationflocculation process was then used for a combination of coagulation-flocculation and ultrafiltration processes. The result of this combination process showed a decrease in COD, BOD, TSS, and turbidity.

Several areas in Indonesia need more well-developed sanitation infrastructure. Some industries and companies use domestic wastewater disposal systems outside the leading network, a cheaper alternative to centralized systems. The sewage treatment system in these areas typically consists of a septic tank and a medium-scale household wastewater treatment plant. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of SMEC Eye Hospital's liquid waste management after it has been processed through its wastewater treatment system. This experimental research involves managing the liquid waste at SMEC Eye Hospital using an anaerobic-aerobic upflowed biofilter system. The experimental method adheres strictly to a scientific research design. The processed liquid waste is then tested in the laboratory to measure levels of pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), ammonia, oils and fats, and total coliform. The liquid waste from SMEC Eye Hospital was analyzed to determine if the hazardous substances had been reduced or eliminated to meet environmental safety standards. Laboratory tests on the hospital's liquid waste outlet showed that all parameters, including pH, BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, oil and fat, and total coliform, were within the quality standard limits. To further enhance the environmental safety of the waste, seven steps can be taken to reduce levels of pH, BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, oil and fat, and total coliform. These measures ensure that the liquid waste from the hospital does not harm the environment.

The tofu industry in Indonesia is growing very rapidly due to the high public demand for tofu.. Most of the tofu industries in Indonesia are household-scale industries that are not equipped with waste treatment so that processing is needed, one of which is Phyto-treatment. In this research, tofu wastewater treatment is carried out using a water bamboo plant (Equisetum hyemale) through a sub-surface flow constructed wetland system. This study aims to eliminate the levels of organic pollutants in the tofu wastewater which can be seen from the levels of BOD (biological oxygen demand) and to determine the effect of the number of plants and the type of media on the BOD levels. The test was Phyto-treatment carried out for 20 days with a residence time of BOD testing on days 5, 10, 15, and 20. Based on the results of the study, the efficiency of removing BOD levels on day 20 in the X1Y1, X2Y1, X1Y2, and X2Y2 reactors was 40.93%, 79.10%, 26.53%, and 53.61%, respectively. The efficiency of removal of the highest BOD levels was found in the X2Y1 Reaktor. Meanwhile, based on the results of statistical tests using two-way ANOVA, it can be concluded that the number of plants and the type of media had a significant effect on the BOD levels

Water treatment is the primary consideration before utilizing water for different purposes. Surface water is highly vulnerable to pollution, either due to natural or anthropogenic processes. The main targets of this study were to investigate surface water treatment using Moringa Oleifera (MO), the electrocoagulation process (EC), and the Moringa Oleifera assisted electrocoagulation process (MOAEC). The Moringa Oleifera, EC process, and Moringa Oleifera-assisted EC process are effective mechanisms for the removal of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), phosphate, TSS (Total Suspended Solids), and color from surface water. Different operating parameters such as pH (5–11), the dosage of coagulant (0.2–0.5 g), contact time or reaction time (20–50 minutes), current (0.2–0.5 A), and settling time (5–20 minutes) were considered. The maximum removal efficiency using Moringa Oleifera and the EC process was COD (85.48%), BOD (78.50%), TDS (84.5%), phosphate (95.70%), TSS (93.90%), color (94.50%), and COD (90.50%), BOD (87%), TDS (97.50%), phosphate (89.10%), TSS (95.80%), and color (96.15%), respectively. Similarly, with the application of MOAEC, 91.47%, 89.35%, 97.0%, 90.20%, 9.10%, and 95.70% of COD, BOD, TDS, phosphate, TSS, and color were removed, respectively. The EC process and MOAEC were more effective in the removal of COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, and color than using MO. More phosphate was removed using MO than the EC process and MOAEC. Additionally, the effects of different operating parameters were studied on the removal efficiency.

Prior to discharge to the environment, domestic wastewater must generally contain not greater than trace levels of various contaminants. This study was conducted touse of naturally avialable ceramic raw materials, without harmful effects on the environment or human and the wastewater brought from Al_Rustamia Location in Baghdad. The efficiency was calculated by evaluating Total Suspended Solid(TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Phosphat (PO4), and Nitrite (NO3). The wastewater treatment done by using pellet filter , six successful manufactured media and the treatment achieved by three stages , one day, five days and ten days. The unit operation of the treatment system done by two ways aerated system with media, and the second aeration without using ceramic media where that treatment with ceramic media with aeration was better than the treatment with aeration only. The results of treatment of ceramic media with aeration show that the two mixtures gives better removal efficiency of the contimanate materials. These mixtures are mix number (3) and mix number (12).The parameters that indicates the removal efficiency for mix number (3) in the first day were (TSS 68%), (BOD576%), (COD 83%), (PO496%) and (NO394%). The mixtures number (12) was (TSS 78%), (BOD580%), (COD 96%) and (NO398%).The removal efficiency for wastewater quality parameter using aeration without media was (TSS 70%), (BOD520%), (COD 77%), (PO482%), and (NO3100%). The removal for mix number (3) after five days of treatment was (TSS 86%), (BODS 91%),(COD 85%), (PO4 94%) and for (NO3 81%).For mix number (12) the removal efficiency was (TSS ,89%),(BOD5 93%),(COD 85%),(PO494%) and (NO3 78%). Aeration only gives removal efficiency as (TSS 78%),(BOD5 86%),(COD 80%),(PO4 96%) and (NO374%). After ten days of treatment mix number (3) the removal was (TSS 80%), (BOD590%), (COD 76%), (PO496%) and (NO380%). While the results for mix number (12) was (TSS 84%), (BOD595%), (COD 81%), (PO492%) and (NO380%). The removal efficiency for wastewater quality parameters by aeration only was (TSS 69%), (BOD592%), (COD 73%), (PO468%) and (NO377%).

The only estuary of Lake Toba is the Asahan River, which extends for a distance of 147 kilometers. The river has a depth ranging from 1.6 to 7.2 meters. Current conditions indicate a decrease in discharge and an increase in pollutants. Monthly discharge data for 9 years is the result of measurements from Perum Jasa Tirta I in 2009 - 2018 and measurements in 2022 show a minimum discharge of 62 m3 / second. The amount of discharge fluctuation is very Asahan depending on the season and the use of water by hydropower managed by PT INALUM. This study will look at the pattern of pollutant transport in the Asahan River originating from the Miils Outfall of PT Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk with a maximum discharge of 0.425 m3/sec and coordinate position 522680.79/272684.34. The model employed is DHI Mike 21 Flow FM, which was operational for a period of one year, during which time it was subjected to a series of alterations in discharge. Model input parameters are TSS, BOD and COD. Furthermore, these parameters are employed in order to ascertain the Asahan River’s carrying capacity. The water quality hue for BOD, COD, and TSS in the Asahan River was 0.4 mg/L, 1.6 mg/L, and 5 mg/L, respectively. In contrast, the BOD, COD, and TSS in the outlet mills were 14.8 mg/L, 155 mg/L, and 35.3 mg/L, respectively (PT Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk, July 2022). The model results show that the maximum concentration of BOD at the mill outfall is 0.84 mg/L with a Zone of Initial of Dillution (ZID) of 0.683841 Ha, the maximum concentration of COD at the mill outfall is 6.23 mg/L with a ZID of 4.195784 Ha and TSS at the mill outfall is 4 mg/L with a ZID of 0.220491 Ha. which occurred in May, November and December. In accordance with the quality rules for river water and similar bodies of water set forth in Appendix VI of Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, the concentration of BOD, COD, and TSS discharged into the Asahan River through the mill outfall does not exceed the Class 1 quality standard of 2 mg/L. The Maximum Pollutant Load Allocation for the 3 parameters TSS, BOD and COD (kg/day) are 268,286; 16,097 and 134,143 respectively, while the Actual Pollutant Load for the 3 parameters are (kg/day) 16,097; 2,146; and 8,585. The Asahan River has a carrying capacity of 252,189, 13,950, and 125,557 kg/day for total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameters, respectively. The Asahan River continues to demonstrate excellent capacity and carrying capacity.