Evaluación del impacto económico de la aplicación de estrategias para el desarrollo en el área rural

PROTOCOL: The effects of road infrastructure, and transport and logistics services interventions on women's participation in informal and formal labour markets in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in 2005 was formulated to reinforce adherence towards livelihood security in rural areas by providing a legal guarantee of 100 day's work annually to every rural household whose adult members willing to do unskilled manual work. The study assessed the impact of MGNREGA on employment generation, labour supply in agriculture sector and migration. The study was conducted using multi-stage random sampling in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. Based on a survey covering 100 households from 10 panchayats of 2 blocks, it was found that the scheme was the lifeline of poor villagers and significantly affected the employment level. However, labour supply in agriculture showed a negative trend which can vanquish if MGNREGA provides off-season employment to agricultural labour. Similarly, the migration level also dwindled showing a positive impact of the scheme. A new and innovative works need to be found to retain rural labour and furnish productive employment to check this trend.

Food products, gastronomy and religious tourism: The resilience of food landscapes

This study analyzed the effects of rural-urban migration on agricultural labour supply in Imo State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from labourers who converge at specific locations in the three urban centres of Owerri, Orlu and Okigwe. Also agricultural labourers from six communities chosen from the three agricultural zones supplied data, giving a total sample size of 210 respondents that were interviewed using structured and validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, 3-point likert scale, multiple regression analysis and present value of net benefits model. Results show that the major determinants of unskilled urban labour supply were urban labour wage rate, household out migration and level of education, while the three major determinants of agricultural labour supply were farm income, farm size and household size. The study recommends the setting up of rural based industries and the provision of basic infrastructure and amenities in the rural areas in order to retain the rural labour supply.Keywords: rural-urban migration, agricultural labour supply, Imo State, NigeriaInternational Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Vol. 6 2005: 111-118

The aim of the paper was to present the value of rural and urban household consumer goods and services expenditures under changes of their income. Consumption expenditures per capita in households on rural areas are lower than in urban areas. The highest increase of consumption expenditures as a result of per capita disposable income increase was observed in expenditures on: communication, furnishing, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house and food and non-alcoholic beverages both in rural and urban households. In urban households with an increase of per capita income spending on recreation and culture, pocket money and transport increased while in rural household expenditure on miscellaneous goods and services increased.

Impacts of devaluation on Senegalese households: policy implications

The majority of the youth in Ethiopia live in rural areas where agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Using gender- and age-specific values of agricultural labor return (shadow wages), we systematically analyse trends, patterns and prospects of youth’s labor supply in agriculture across space (farm locations). We also analyse whether the household male and female youth members’ agricultural labor supply is responsive to economic incentives. We investigate these using shadow wages estimation techniques applied to farm-household panel data collected during the 2010/11 and 2014/15 agricultural seasons. The results indicate that trends and patterns of the youth’s involvement in agriculture vary across gender and farm work locations, and so do their labor returns. Yet the on-farm participation for youth members is declining across time irrespective of gender, whilst their participation in off-farm activities is increasing. The findings also suggest that changes in agricultural shadow wages matter for the youth’s involvement in the sector, but their impact differs for male and female youth. The results are consistent after controlling for individual heterogeneity, sample selection and instrumenting for possible endogeneity. In addition, we find that youth’s intentions and actual engagement in agricultural production vary greatly. This suggests that the frequent narrative of youth disengaging from agriculture may be a result of methodological flaws or data limitations. Taking into account the intensity of the youth’s involvement in family farm, own farm and off-farm work, the results challenge the presumption that youth are abandoning agriculture, at least in agricultural potential areas of Ethiopia. Instead the youth’s involvement makes an important economic contribution to the operation of the family farm. Therefore, it is necessary to invest in agricultural development to enhance productivity and employment opportunities; and structural transformation that addresses the imperfections and rigidities in labor and other input markets to make agriculture more attractive to youth.

What are the priorities for improving the cleanliness of energy consumption in rural China? Urbanisation advancement or agriculture development?

This research found the empirical analysis between capital goods imports and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) of Pakistan by applying the annual time series data from 1975 to 2020. The importance of this area of research arises from its role in the balance of payments by incorporating foreign direct investment in the capital goods import demand model. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique is used to estimate the long run relationship between dependent and independent variables. Furthermore, fully modified least square (FMOLS) and Dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) techniques are also applied to check the robustness of the estimated long-run results. The findings indicate that capital goods import is positively influenced by foreign direction in the case of Pakistan. Moreover, domestic income, and relative price both have theoretically correct signs. On the other hand, the coefficient of export is negatively associated with import demand, which means that capital goods imports are not used in the promotion of export growth in Pakistan. We recommend that an import substitution policy should be encouraged to divert FDI toward the promotion of export growth and hence reduce the trade deficit in Pakistan.

Human fertility can affect agricultural production through its effect on supply of agricultural labor. Using the fact that in traditional, patriarchal societies, sons are generally preferred to daughters, we isolate exogenous variation in the number of children born to a mother and relate it to the agricultural labor supply and production in Uganda, which has a dominant agricultural sector and high fertility. We find that fertility has a sizable negative effect on household labor allocation to subsistence agriculture. Households with lower fertility devote significantly more time to land preparation and weeding; larger households grow less matooke and sweet potatoes. We find no significant effect on agricultural productivity in terms of yield per land area.

The “Export-led Growth Hypothesis,” as it is known in the literature, is still a popular issue in both theoretical and empirical research. According to the export-led growth hypothesis (ELGH), a key factor in determining growth is the expansion of exports. It asserts that growing capital and labour inputs into the economy as well as exports can contribute to a country’s overall growth. The association between economic development, export growth, export fluctuation, and real effective exchange rate (REER) in India from 2001 to 2021 is examined in this paper using a multiple linear regression analysis model. Additionally, the impacts of foreign exchange, export fluctuation on investment, and import of capital goods have also been studied. The autocorrelation is also tested using the Durbin-Watson (D-W) test. Investigation of the association between income growth and exports in the context of India reveals that the country’s exports haven’t increased significantly enough to prove the theory of export-led growth. For instance, ceteris paribus, one per cent change in exports over time is expected to result in a 0.007 per cent increase in GDP. Weaker global demand, inflation, dropping exports, and growing global trade conflict all contribute to a weaker-than-expected positive link between GDP and exports. However, the findings have also shown that one per cent rise in instability increases GDP by 5.04 per cent. Furthermore, research has indicated that export instability does contribute to import for capital goods and demonstrates the relationship between investment and export instability is positive but not statistically significant. The result for policy is that, in order to decrease the negative impacts of export fluctuations, India should concentrate on those goods in which it has a competitive edge. The primary factors of the excessive volatility and restricted growth must be fully investigated in order to mitigate instability, and inherent flaws must be addressed.

This study conducted in Davangere district of Karnataka has analysed the factors affecting on agricultural labour supply. The study is based on the primary data collected from 200 sample agricultural labours. The study revealed that socio-economic factors like age, education, caste and land holding are negatively influenced on agricultural labour supply. As far as age is concerned, young labours of the rural area are reluctant to work as agricultural labourer even though they have no alternative works available in their locality. Participation in agricultural activities is the lowest among the young labours compared to middle age group labours. Education plays a vital role in selection of employment. Labours participation in agricultural works is found to be relatively more among the illiterate labours compared to educated labours. Educated youths are not willing to work as agricultural labour and they want to work as salaried employee in urban areas or government employee. Agricultural labour supply is also affected by the caste. This study revealed that labour participation in agricultural activities is more in scheduled caste followed by scheduled tribe and other category. And, the most significant feature is that among the all castes labours are engaged in non-agricultural works. Another important factor is land holding of the family. Labours participation in agricultural activities is more in land less (having no land) families compared to land holding (<than 2acres) families. For all these reasons agricultural labour supply has been declining drastically and it has affected the farm productivity. On the other hand wages are increasingly for agricultural operations due to labour scarcity and it has increased the production cost for the farmers.

Factors influencing farmers' preference for farmland consolidation in Nepal: Evidence from randomized conjoint experiment

Research questions: Are there any benefits from increasing nonfarm employment on expenditures of agricultural production? Is there any impact of nonfarm employment on family labour use in agricultural production? and Is there any gain in the technical efficiency of production through nonfarm employment participation? Evidence from the rural livelihood literature shows that rural farm households engage in nonfarm employment to supplement their household income in developing countries. Therefore, it raises the question of whether nonfarm employment complements or competes with agricultural production due to a possible shift in farm household labour to nonfarm employment. The consequences of participation in nonfarm employment on agricultural production could be two-fold. On the one hand, the increased cash earnings from nonfarm employment could be used to purchase agricultural inputs to intensify production. On the other hand, agricultural production might be negatively affected due to a shortage of labour. Lately, the agriculture sector in Bangladesh is experiencing this scenario due to a high demand for labour during crop planting and harvesting periods. Therefore, the direction of the impact of nonfarm employment on agricultural production needs to be investigated, especially in an agricultural dependent country like Bangladesh. Moreover, the research in this area still inconclusive based on the mixed findings in different countries. Surprisingly, there is no study appears regarding the impact of nonfarm employment on agricultural production in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) data 2015, collected by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has been used in this study. To overcome the endogeneity issues of nonfarm income and censored nature of agricultural input expenditures, IV Tobit model is used to identify the effects of nonfarm employment on the expenditures of major agricultural inputs. In addition, treatment effect models (Nearest Neighbour Matching, Propensity Score Matching, and Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment) have been used to check the robustness of the findings obtained by the IV Tobit estimation. IV 2SLS estimation is also used to identify the effects of nonfarm employment on the use of family labour in agricultural production. Finally, the impact of nonfarm employment on the technical efficiency of production is investigated using the Stochastic Frontier Production model. The results show that nonfarm income has a positive impact on the total crop expenditure as well as expenditures on major purchased agricultural inputs (equipment, seed, fertilizer, purchased labour). Also, the robustness checks confirm the findings obtained by IV Tobit model. The findings also show that an increase in nonfarm income is negatively associated with the use of male family labour in crop production. Moreover, the technical inefficiency in agricultural production decreases when nonfarm income increases. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that nonfarm employment exerts an income effect on agricultural production by reducing the liquidity constraint and intensifying major purchased inputs. Thus, introducing policies that would increase rural nonfarm employment opportunities to rural households complements agricultural production and that could be a means to increase food production, ultimately leading to food availability as well as food security.

Effect of rural-urban migration of youths on agricultural labour supply in Umuahia north local government area of Abia State, Nigeria was examined. Data for the study were collected from 100 respondents selected from three the three wards in the area. Data analysis was by use of frequencies, percentages and chi-square statistic. The study found that employment and education were the major reasons for rural-urban migration. It was also found that the migration affected various agricultural activities seriously. The study found that with the absence of youths in the area, agriculture labour force is continually costly and this has a negative effect on agricultural production. (J Agric & Soc Res:2003 3(2): 77-83)