Evaluación de la percepción de un grupo universitario de docentes frente a la educación como fenómeno social en Colombia

This paper studies the impact on public education spending of social democratic participation in government. By means of a pooled time-series analysis of spending in OECD democracies, it is shown that social democrats have increased public spending primarily on higher education. This finding is at odds with simple class-based models of partisan preferences (Boix) that predict a preference for non-tertiary education. As an alternative, the notion of a ‘new politics of public investment in education’ (Iversen) is presented. From this perspective, political parties are not merely transmission belts for the economic interests of social classes, but use policies and spending strategically to attract and consolidate voter groups. By increasing public investment in tertiary education, social democrats cater to their core electoral constituencies (for example, by expanding enrolment) and, at the same time, new middle-class constituencies to escape electoral dilemmas and reforge the cross-class alliance with the middle class.

The chapter undertakes an analysis of public investment in education in Sri Lanka. Several dimensions of education benefits are examined within an econometric framework. These include the returns to education investment, the association between education and economic welfare, inter-generational benefits of investment in education and the promotion of gender equity, and the relationship between education and poverty reduction. The economic and social benefits of education are shown to be high. Next, several dimensions of public investment in education are analyzed. These cover the time trend of education investment, international comparisons of investment in education, and the pattern and composition of education expenditure. Over the period of the study public education expenditure is shown to have been low. The negative consequences of low investment in human capital is discussed. This is followed by an analysis of the institutional framework for the delivery of education services, and the incentives for performance in the system. The paper then studies the equity of public investment in education, which is shown to be high. The analysis concludes by recommending increased public investment in education, as it both yields strong economic and social benefits and enhances equity.

Numeracy skills of adults within and across 12 different countries in 2011 are strongly associated with the accumulated public investments in education received by these adults during their schooling. This paper confirms existing evidence that the timing of educational investments is important, with early investments playing the most fundamental role. Investment in primary education is associated with higher numeracy scores for those who went on to continue their education. Higher investments in tertiary education are needed in order to fully realize the benefit of the investments in primary school. Family background is a decisive factor in relation to numeracy skills of these adults, in line with all available evidence. Adults who received higher public investment in primary education were more likely to complete secondary school and attain tertiary education. This refutes earlier studies indicating that the amount of financial resources available for education may not be that important for the development of competences.

Most debates about funding for education focus on the adequacy of the global amounts of money made available to schools, often without equally serious regard for how those amounts are distributed. That the balance of debate should fall on the side of adequacy is not surprising when one considers the fundamental reasons for making public investments in education in the first place. Even the phrase “making public investments” is significant. Making public investments in education is not in principle the same as making investments in public education. The form of investment can make a difference

This study employs an overlapping-generations model featuring public and private education to analyze whether providing child allowances and free high school education influences economic growth. Earlier studies that analyze public and private education (Glomm and Ravikumar, 1992; Cardak, 2004) do not consider models in which fertility is endogenous and individuals can simultaneously choose both public and private education. Earlier studies that consider the effect of child allowances on fertility (Groezen, Leers, and Mejidam, 2003) disregard human capital accumulation. This study assumes people can choose both public and private education simultaneously in a model in which both fertility and human capital accumulation are endogenous. It introduces both child allowances and investment in public education financed by income taxes. It further considers how raising child allowances or investing in public education affects fertility, human capital accumulation, and economic growth. This study is motivated by evidence that the burden of meeting children’s educational expenses is one reason for Japan’s declining birthrate. It analyzes whether child allowances or free high school education can increase the birthrate and promote human capital formation. We find that such policies are unlikely to promote economic growth if they are financed by income taxes that cannot be increased indefinitely.

This paper utilizes country-specific time series data over the period 1990-2017 and Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model to estimate the relationship between and human capital development in Nigeria. The specific objectives focused on the impacts of official development assistance (ODA), broad-based grants and technical cooperation grants on public investments in education and healthcare. The Phillips-Perron unit root test results reveal that the variables are mixed integrated with evidence of levels and first difference stationarity. The mixed order of the integration in the series necessitated the application of ARDL bounds test for cointegration and the results indicate that the variables in each of the models have long run relationship. Findings from the estimated ARDL models reveal that lagged values ODA exert significant positive impact on public investment in education in the short run. Both the first and third lag of broad-based grant has significant negative relationship with public investment in education in the short run. The long run result revealed that ODA and technical cooperation grants have significant positive relationship with public investment in education. 1 percent increase in ODA and technical cooperation grants increases public investment in education by 4.289 percent and 0.829 percent respectively. It was further observed that the contemporaneous value of ODA has positive relationship with public healthcare investment in the short run. 1 percent increase in ODA inflow increases public healthcare investment by 1.099 percent. Additionally, there is more than proportionate increase in public investment in healthcare to the tune of 3.179 percent following 1 percent increase in ODA in the long run. Therefore, it is recommended among others that policy makers and donor countries/agencies should prioritize the education sector in the disbursement of foreign aid with a view to achieving the fourth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) which is to ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning. Keywords: Human development, education, healthcare, ODA, grants, ARDL and Nigeria. DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-7-05 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Despite its significance in policymaking and theory, empirical work on external returns to education has not been fruitful, and most studies focus on developed countries. This paper discusses external returns to education in China, an important developing economy. Using longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we estimate a fixed-effects instrumental variables model and find positive returns of about 10 to 14 percent. Negligible returns are found for urban, female, and highly educated workers, and returns are positive and statistically significant for rural, male, and poorly educated workers. This suggests that China should increase public investment in education and target rural areas and poorly educated workers. Gender differences in the external returns to education may also imply that China should make more efforts to enhance the capacity of “networking” and competitiveness for women.

Xiaolan Fu: This paper examines external returns to education in China using household survey data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. It finds positive returns of about 10 to 14 percent, especially for rural, male, and poorly educated workers,whereas returns for urban, female, and highly educated workers were negligible. The paper argues that China should increase public investment in education and target it more at rural areas and poorly educated workers.

In our study, “the ratio of public education expenditure to gross domestic product” was selected as an index to value a country's educational investment level, the public investment in education data of more than 41 countries from 2003 to 2012 years were compared. Based on the compared data, using the regression analysis method, we forecast the public investment in education of the world countries in the next five years, we found that national economic development, national policy, developmental of science and technology and social contribution all would influence the public investment in education of the countries in the world.

This study examines the politics of public education policy and its impact on economic growth and welfare under intergenerational altruism. The study considers an endogenous growth model with altruistic overlapping generations. Due to its significant role in promoting long-term economic expansion, we consider investment in public education to be an effective tool of productive government intervention. Nonetheless, public educational investment has been the subject of political disputes owing to its inherent intergenerational redistributive implications. Backed by the tendency of democratically elected governments to maintain their political power, the preferences of some particular individuals or group of individuals become more dominant in the political process of determining the level of public investment in education. In particular, governments are more concerned with the preferences of the median voter, or the current generation at large, because they, as electors, have the ability to determine the next government. This reality leads governments to exhibit a bias toward the desires of these people. As a result, such political considerations divert the economy from its optimal path of economic growth and reduce the welfare of future generations. This effect becomes more pronounced when individuals with lower levels of altruism toward their offspring assume a more influential position in the political decision-making process over the allocation of public funds for education. Our theoretical analyses demonstrate the implications for economic growth and welfare resulting from policy decisions made by democratically elected governments with inherent biases, as opposed to decisions made by an unbiased social planner.

Political economy of investment in education in South Asia

Based on cross-section data worldwide and time series data in China, the essay is intended to make an analysis of the factors which have impacts on the ratio of public investment in education by using econometric models and then the future ratio may be predicted. Conclusions are as follows. First, the proportion of fiscal revenue to GDP (gross domestic products) is the most significant variable to predict the variance in the ratio of public investment in education in China. Second, experience in middle-income countries should be given top priority when international comparison is made. Third, the ratio of public investment in education in China will be close to 4% in 2010, and reach 4.4%–4.5% in 2020.

Public investment in education and training occupies an important proportion in Vietnam public budget, approximately 20%, equivalent to 5% GDP. Public investment in education and training has many positive benefits and impact on the economy and society by contributing to economic growth, by improving the national productivity, people’s qualification and intellectual level well as reducing unemployment, poverty in a country. On the basis of an empirical analysis in Vietnam, this paper propose several relevant recommendation for Vietnam government to improve the performance of public investment in education and training by making contribution to ensure suitable investment structure as well as uphold important role of education and training to the development of the economy and society.

which points educational achievements is determined by years of schooling, set of school and This research finds to explain if the public investment in education is significant to explain the Peru’s educational achievements. Indeed, the research’s objective is to determine if reading comprehension is explained by executed public investment in education in the period 2007-2016. For this reason, research is based in educational production theory, teacher characteristics, child characteristics, household characteristics and educational inputs that households contribute. Further, it built an econometric model to test the relation between these variables. As a result of this, it is proved executed public investment in education it is not a significant variable to explain changes in educational achievements in Peru. Evidently, it demonstrated educational achievements are further explained by others variables which are not commonly analyzed as educational variables. For instance, the rate of schools in good conditions, level of malnutrition, coverage of drinking water, coverage of electricity, coverage of internet and current expending per student. In conclusion, it means public investment in education should concentrate further their interventions in this kind of variables, not only in schools and teachers but in other variables which speak for existent conditions for studying in households. Another important result is found model which it is possible to determine the necessaries changes in the explain variables to increase the educational achievements. Such as the case of Loreto, which need a reduction of 4.5 percentage point in the malnutrition to increase 1 percentage point in educational achievements.

Introducing a fertility decision and child care cost into an overlapping generations model with public education and social security, we examine the effects of these public policies on fertility. We show that an increase in income tax, which finances social security benefits and public investment in education, increases fertility. On the other hand, with a constant tax rate, a change in the allocation from social security benefits to public investment in education decreases fertility and, with a constant social security tax, the effect of education tax on fertility is neutral.