Abstract
To investigate the effect of eupatilin in asthma treatment, we evaluated its therapeutic effect and related signal transduction in OVA-induced asthmatic mice and LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The BALF was tested for changes in lung inflammatory cells. Th2 cytokines in the BALF and OVA-IgE in the serum were measured by ELISA. H&E and PAS staining were used to evaluate histopathological changes in mouse lungs. The key proteins NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 in lung tissues were quantitatively analyzed by Western blotting. Finally, we evaluated the effect of eupatilin on cytokines and related protein expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. In OVA-induced asthmatic mice, eupatilin reduced the numbers of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils and eosinophils. Eupatilin also decreased the levels of IL-5, IL-13 in the BALF and OVA-IgE in the serum. Furthermore, eupatilin inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways and increased the expression of Nrf2 in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. In vitro, eupatilin significantly reduced LPS-stimulated NO, IL-6, and ROS production. Additionally, the NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 protein expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was consistent with that in OVA-induced asthmatic lung tissues. In summary, eupatilin attenuated OVA-induced asthma by regulating NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 signaling pathways. These results suggest the utility of eupatilin as an anti-inflammatory drug for asthma treatment.
Highlights
Introduction iationsAsthma is a common chronic respiratory inflammatory disease [1]
Glucocorticoids are considered to be the best choice to inflammatory cells and mediators [32,33]
Our results show that eupatilin could reduce the number of inflammatory cells in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF), especially neutrophils and eosinophils
Summary
Asthma is a common chronic respiratory inflammatory disease [1]. It is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, allergen-specific IgE secretion, mucus hypersecretion, and airway inflammation [2,3]. The incidence of asthma has increased due to increases in indoor dust, pollen, toxic particles, environmental pollutants, and other allergens [4]. It is estimated that 241 million people worldwide suffer from asthma, with 1000 people dying every day [5]. Asthma cannot be cured but can only be controlled by medicine, which brings serious physical and psychological damage to patients. Previous studies have suggested that the imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cells is the major cause of asthma [6]. Th2 cells play a vital role in asthmatic progression [7,8].
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