Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the properties of new dental formulations containing eugenyl-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (EgGMA) monomer, as restorative dental material, in terms of their degree of photopolymerization and cytotoxicity. The target model composites (TBEg0, TBEg2.5, and TBEg5) were prepared by mixing 35% organic matrix (TEGDMA/BisGMA (50/50 wt%) of which 0, 2.5, and 5 wt%, respectively, were replaced with EgGMA monomer) with 65% filler (silanized hydroxyapatite (HA)/zinc oxide (ZnO2), 4:3 by weight). The vinylic double-bond conversion (DC) after light-curing was studied using Fourier transform infrared technique whereas cell viability was in vitro tested using primary human gingival fibroblasts cells over 7 days by means of AlamarBlue colorimetric assay. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. The results revealed no significant difference in DC between TBEg2.5 (66.49%) and control (TBEg0; 68.74%), whereas both differ significantly with TBEg5, likely due to the inhibitory effect of eugenol moiety at high concentration. The cell viability test indicated that all the composites are biocompatible. No significant difference was counted between TBEg2.5 and TBEg5, however, both differed significantly from the control (TBEg0). Thus, even though its apparent negative effect on polymerization, EgGMA is potentially safer than bisphenol-derived monomers. Such potential properties may encourage further investigations on term of EgGMA amount optimization, compatibility with other dental resins, and antimicrobial activity.
Highlights
Eugenol (Eg) is a natural essential oil, the major component of the dried flower buds of the clove tree, used beneficially in various applications and for several purposes
Experimental composites were basically designed to contain 35 wt% resin matrix and 65 wt% fillers and, to explore the effect of incorporation of EgGMA monomer, 0.0, 2.5 and 5.0% of the 35% matrix were replaced by EgGMA monomer
The ratio is more accurate for mole fractions comparison, and as many factors may affect the values of the integrated peak, comparison is only valid for relatively stable peaks with close absorptivity and must be from individual spectrum
Summary
Eugenol (Eg) is a natural essential oil, the major component of the dried flower buds of the clove tree, used beneficially in various applications and for several purposes. It is avowed to possess certain properties as a nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredient, including anesthetic activity, antioxidant potential, antimicrobial role, anti-inflammatory action, anti-carcinogenic effects, neuroprotective ability, hypolipidemic efficiency and antidiabetic effectiveness [1]. Despite its desirable properties as an analgesic, the incorporation of Eg (free molecule) in dental resin composites is not recommended, because of its negative effect on the overall properties of the composites, including degree of double bond-conversion (DC), water solubility, and mechanical properties [3,4]. Eg in combination with zinc oxide (ZnO2) constitutes a dental formulation commonly used both as a luting and temporary restorative material. Eugenol (the free molecule) is not compatible with other methacrylate-based restorative materials because of its inhibitory effect on the polymerization process of dental composite resins [6]
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