EU TANKO, YOU TANK, LEI TANKA

The article deals with the mechanism of creating metaphor in the context of the theory of conceptual integration. A particular emphasis is laid on the basic theses of the theory of conceptual metaphor and the theory of conceptual integration. The comparison of G. Lakoff and M. Johnson’s theory of conceptual metaphor and G. Fauconnier and M. Turner’s theory of conceptual integration is carried out. The analysis of the examples of metaphorical mapping of the concept BOOK is conducted and three conceptual metaphors of the given concept (the target domain) are defined. Each conceptual metaphor is described, the input spaces, generic and blended spaces are defined. The integrated roles and emergent properties and structures are determined and explained.

The article discusses the possibilities of how the theories of metaphor from philosophy of language, cognitive linguistics and semiotics can contribute to the studies of the interdisciplinary transfer of knowledge in science. The paper develops a synthetic approach according to which metaphors are analyzed as a conceptual interactions, situated in and complemented by the context of communication. The analysis itself includes a consideration of the interactive theory of metaphor (M. Black), cognitive theories of metaphor (E. McCormack and G. Lakoff), the theory of conceptual integration (M. Turner and J. Fauconnier), the theory of multidimensional metaphor G. Steen, semiotic theories of metaphor (Yu. Lotman and Ch. Peirce) in their modern interpretation. Based on theories of conceptual integration (mixing), communicative and modeling properties of metaphors, the author outlines approaches to conceptual modeling of metaphorical transfer in an interdisciplinary transfer. Its key points are: the formation of a common communication space for interdisciplinary transfer; projections of meanings (knowledge) from conceptual spaces included in communication disciplines into some new semantic space; the formation in this space of a conceptual blend (an unusual composition of meanings) that satisfies certain conditions and contains certain components; activation of the emergent structure of cognitive creative modeling; education on the basis of her efforts of a new semantic meaning (new knowledge). The proposed conceptual model of metaphorical transfer can serve as the basis for its development in the context of studies of interdisciplinary integration.

One of the most broadly investigated topics in the conceptual metaphor literature is the importance of spatial construals for thinking and talking about time. We address the relationship between conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) and conceptual integration theory (CIT) by exploring how people understand timelines - both as graphical objects, in discourse about timelines taken from newspapers and the web, and in poetic examples. The inferential structure of the timeline is well captured by the conceptual metaphors TIME IS SPACE and EVENTS ARE OBJECTS. Instantiated graphically, the timeline serves as a material anchor for a conceptual integration network representing partial cognitive models of time, lines, objects, and a hybrid model known as a ‘blend’. Understood in respect to this network, the analogue properties of the line give it novel computational properties facilitating inferences about the events that the timeline represents. The history of the modern timeline suggests that it reflects a distributed cognitive process, involving multiple individuals over a large span of time and illustrating the importance of cultural evolution in the development of conceptual integration networks. Analysis of both poetry and everyday discourse about timelines suggests that conventional mapping schemas are best viewed not as determining the interpretation of timelines but as providing soft constraints that help guide interpretation. Future metaphor research will best proceed via a merger of techniques from CMT and CIT, characterizing metaphor as involving complex networks of mappings that can be updated flexibly as a function of context and goals.

One of the most broadly investigated topics in the conceptual metaphor literature is the importance of spatial construals for thinking and talking about time. We address the relationship between conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) and conceptual integration theory (CIT) by exploring how people understand timelines - both as graphical objects, in discourse about timelines taken from newspapers and the web, and in poetic examples. The inferential structure of the timeline is well captured by the conceptual metaphors TIME IS SPACE and EVENTS ARE OBJECTS. Instantiated graphically, the timeline serves as a material anchor for a conceptual integration network representing partial cognitive models of time, lines, objects, and a hybrid model known as a ‘blend’. Understood in respect to this network, the analogue properties of the line give it novel computational properties facilitating inferences about the events that the timeline represents. The history of the modern timeline suggests that it reflects a distributed cognitive process, involving multiple individuals over a large span of time and illustrating the importance of cultural evolution in the development of conceptual integration networks. Analysis of both poetry and everyday discourse about timelines suggests that conventional mapping schemas are best viewed not as determining the interpretation of timelines but as providing soft constraints that help guide interpretation. Future metaphor research will best proceed via a merger of techniques from CMT and CIT, characterizing metaphor as involving complex networks of mappings that can be updated flexibly as a function of context and goals.

The study aims at describing COVID-19 metaphorical representations in media discourse. The analysis of conceptual metaphors in political and medical discourse enables a reconstruction of metaphorically based knowledge of coronavirus in English speech communities. Being produced by world political leaders and media presenters these conceptual metaphors influence the socialunderstanding of the novel disease both directly and indirectly. The study is based on the Conceptual Metaphor theory, Conceptual Integration theory and Discourse analysis. The range of the target domain COVID-19 includes the following source domains: WAR and PERSON. The latter is further elaborated as GUEST, INTRUDER, ENEMY, CRIMINAL, SPY, TEACHER. The focus is on the cross-space mappings which present the sets of systematic correspondences between the target and source domains. The novel conceptualisations based on the conventional use of metaphoric patterns are analysed within the framework of the following cognitive devices: extending, elaboration, questioning, and combining. The conceptual blends and emergent structures that provide additional layers of COVID-19 interpretation are represented by means of Conceptual Integration Networks, namely, double- and multiple-scope models. The analysis reveals that the conceptual metaphor COVID-19 PANDEMIC IS WAR is mostlyrepresented in political discourse that refers to the disease as a general threat to the world. In medical discourse the metaphor COVID-19 IS PERSON is objectified, with further elaboration of the source domain. The correlation COVID-19 IS TEACHER reveals positive connotations of the phenomenon.

To compare the ability to recognize sentences in silence and in noise in monolingual normal-hearing Brazilian Portuguese speakers, and bilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and German, and bilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and Italian, as well as to analyze the influence of age of second language acquisition on the performance of bilinguals. 87 normal-hearing individuals aged between 18 and 55 years participated of this research. They were categorized into: Control Group, composed by 30 monolingual Brazilian Portuguese speakers; German Research Group, 31 simultaneous bilingual native speakers of Portuguese and speakers of German as a second language and; Italian Research Group, consisting of 26 successive bilinguals, native speakers of Portuguese and speakers of Italian as a second language. The Sentence List Test in Brazilian Portuguese was used to measure their Sentence Recognition Thresholds in Silence and Noise. In silence, there were no statistically significant differences in performance when comparing the bilingual to the monolingual individuals, and when comparing the bilingual speakers among themselves. On the other hand, in noise, there was a significant difference between the bilingual groups and the monolingual one. However, there were no significant differences between the bilingual groups when their performance was compared. Bilingualism positively influenced the development of language and listening skills, which led the bilinguals to outperform in speech recognition in the presence of noise. Also, the period of a second language acquisition did not influence bilingual performance.

Book Review. A New Insight into Theory of Conceptual Metaphor

This study aims to elucidate the metaphorical representations of the concept PARENT within American media discourse. By analyzing the conceptual metaphors employed in newspaper discourse, we seek to reconstruct the metaphorically derived understanding of parenthood within English-speaking community. These conceptual metaphors, crafted by media presenters, exert a profound influence on the societal comprehension of this concept, both directly and indirectly. The study draws upon the Conceptual Metaphor theory, Conceptual Integration theory, and Discourse analysis. Within the scope of our investigation, the target domain PARENT encompasses four primary source domains: DUTIES, DIFFICULTIES, OWNER, and BURDEN. Our emphasis lies in scrutinizing the cross-domain mappings, which delineate systematic correspondences between the target and source domains. We investigate novel conceptualizations that emerge from conventional metaphoric patterns, employing cognitive mechanisms such as extension, elaboration, questioning, and combination. We also explore the conceptual blends and emergent structures that introduce additional layers of interpretation of being a parent. They are elucidated using Conceptual Integration Networks, specifically double- and multiple-scope models. Our analysis has unveiled the existence of four metaphorical clusters, each providing unique perspectives on how parenthood is conceptualized within the newspaper discourse.

Em pesquisa de mestrado (FREITAS, 2017), observaram-se os processos cognitivos que subjazem à construção de sentidos de piadas com emprego de nomes populares dados à vulva e ao pênis. Os dados, analisados fundamentalmente sob a ótica da Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 1980) e da Teoria da Integração Conceptual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002), demonstram depreciação nos nomes dados à vulva em oposição aos nomes dados a pênis. Verificou-se, com base nesses dados, que o acionamento do conhecimento convencionalizado dos falantes relativo a determinadas partes do corpo perpassa pelo âmbito do tabu linguístico (ULLMANN, 1966; GUÉRIOS, 1979). Nesse sentido, existem formas de contornar a restrição vocabular, utilizando-se de comparações que se pautam, predominantemente, em relações vitais de REPRESENTAÇÃO e ANALOGIA (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002). Além disso, constatou-se que, para contornar a restrição vocabular moralmente estabelecida, são ativadas metáforas conceptuais gerais dos tipos PESSOA É OBJETO, (PARTE DO) CORPO HUMANO É OBJETO, PESSOA É ANIMAL, (PARTE DO) CORPO HUMANO É ANIMAL e (PARTE DO CORPO DA) PESSOA É PLANTA, que estruturam metáforas conceptuais mais específicas, tais como PÊNIS É OBJETO ERETO E RIJO, PÊNIS É OBJETO CILÍNDRICO E RETO, PÊNIS É AVE, VULVA É OBJETO CURVO, VULVA É MATAGAL e VULVA É RECEPTÁCULO DO PÊNIS. Pretende-se, com este trabalho, ilustrar a conceptualização dos nomes dados à vulva sob a perspectiva da construção da identidade de gênero, levando-se em consideração os valores culturais e experienciais subjacentes a essas metáforas do pensamento e, consequentemente, a tais designações de valor depreciativo.

Internet memes are defined as the main structural unit of the modern media space (A. Kvyat), possessing a high persuasive potential. They are viewed not only as an instant reaction of users to events but also as a way of expressing political opinion. The aim is to analyse the metaphorical creation of vertically oriented relations in digital political discourse using the example of a corpus of memes on the theme of the meeting of Presidents Putin and Lukashenko in Sochi in 2020. We interpret the meme as an elaborate semantic complex capable of instant replication, usually of verbal-iconic expression, referring to different spheres-sources that the communicant must identify. In this regard, a high intertextual density of Internet memes is their constitutive feature, and the key requirement for their adequate perception is the general apperception base of the communicants and the recipient’s ability to see the cultural signs embedded in the meme. When comprehending complex international relations in political memetics, the conceptual metaphor of vassalage is actualized. To solve the research problems, the methods of interpretive and intersemiotic analysis, the main provisions of the theory of conceptual metaphor by J. Lakoff and M. Johnson, as well as the theory of conceptual integration (blending, or conceptual amalgams) by G. Fauconnier and M. Turner are used. The emphasis is on considering the iconic component. As a result of the research, the slots of the amalgam „Lukashenko is Putin’s vassal” represented by memes were identified and described taking into account the connections of this metaphorical construct with other fragments of the collective cognitive space. The seme of „subordination and dependence” that gave rise to the conceptual amalgam is explicated through the integration of the sphere of politics with the conceptual spaces of other asymmetric relations (family, feudalism, love relationship). When analysing the corpus of memes, their characteristic property – the realization of valence – was clearly revealed. Due to their topicality, anonymity and prevalence, Internet memes are an indicator of public sentiment and a means of forming the mental attitudes of society.

This study presents a cognitive semantic analysis of the impact of socio-cultural factors on meaning construction in selected English and Arabic proverbs. The main questions that the study tries to answer are related to the extent to which metaphorical usage is relevant to understanding culture and the extent to which the differences in using metaphors in both languages can be related to socio-cultural factors. The study aims at examining the applicability of the Conceptual Integration Theory to the analysis of English and Arabic proverbs to investigate the impact of socio-cultural factors on constructing the meaning of the proverbs under study. In addition, the study examines the universality of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the shared and culture specific conceptual metaphors in the proverbs under study. Another aim is to examine the role of grammatical structures of proverbs in determining the kind of conceptual integration network. The study hypothesizes the applicability of Conceptual Integration Theory and universality of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and that both are efficient to study the impact of socio-cultural factors on meaning construction in English and Arabic proverbs. The study also hypothesizes the significant role played by grammatical structures in understanding proverbs by determining the kind of the conceptual integration network. To achieve the aims of the study and verify its hypotheses, a model based on the Conceptual Integration Theory and Conceptual Metaphor Theory has been adopted to analyse a sample of selected English and Arabic proverbs. The selected sample consists of 60 English proverbs and 60 Arabic proverbs. The proverbs belong to six topics, namely, social interaction, communication, coping and learning, human life, social life, and social viii position. These topics have been selected according to the international system for classifying proverbs introduced by Kuusi (2001). At the theoretical part, the study has arrived at the conclusion that the Conceptual Metaphor Theory introduced by Lakoff and Johnson in their book Metaphor We Live by (1980) was introduced by(الجرجاني d. 471) in his books أسرار البلاغة (1959)and دلائل الإعجاز 1989 )). At the practical part, the study has arrived at the following conclusions, among others: the applicability of Conceptual Integration Theory to the study of English and Arabic proverbs, the universality of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and the efficiency of the mentioned theories in showing the impact of socio-cultural factors on meaning construction in the English and Arabic proverbs. The study ends up with a number of recommendations and suggestions for further studies based on the findings of the study.

This paper explores the application of cognitive methodologies, Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and Conceptual Integration Theory (CIT) in the analysis of cultural equivalence attained in the process of transcreation on the example of Rabindranath Tagore’s Bengali and English poems. CMT tools allow for the re-creation of conceptual interrelations between the Bengali source text and the English target text, which reveals that the metaphorical context in the transcreated version is equivalent. CIT schemas complement cognitive analysis by reconstructing the thought process behind transcreation and revealing a consistent transcreation framework. Examples of the interdependence of CMT and CIT in the reconstruction of conceptual processes are the Bengali metaphorical blends yāōẏā āsā, ‘going-coming’ and khelā melā, ‘game/play-fair/assemblage’, integrated and transformed through the transcreation medium, the hide-and-seek metaphorical blend, into conceptually equivalent context in the target text. The analysis reveals a process of conceptual integration in which the source context is expressed through a transcreation medium, a metaphorical tool recognizable in the target culture, to convey an aesthetically and semantically equivalent message in the target text. CMT and CIT allow for efficient examination of the transcreation process, with the prerequisite that conceptual contexts are approached intertextually.

This chapter attempts to establish the role of two cognitive linguistic theories, metaphor theory and conceptual integration theory, in the processing of both conventional and modified phraseological units. It investigates the range of applications and interpretations of the existing cognitive models, furnishing them with attested phraseological material to test their efficiency and applicability as processing templates. It is argued that the two theories can be viewed as complementary: whereas the theory of metaphor is productive in accounting for the processing of a wide range of conventional phraseological units, the theory of conceptual integration can be applied to the analysis of modified phraseological units.

Mental spaces in discourse and interaction: Todd Oakley, Anders Hougaard (Eds.), John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2008, 262 pages

This article is concerned with the theory of metaphor and its relation to aesthetics. The case-study is concerned with theory of metaphorical constraint, but is argued to have wider implications. It begins with a survey of the Greco-Roman tradition, which tends to confine metaphor to likeness. It is argued that also the dissimilar parts can affect the aesthetic value of metaphors in certain contexts of communication. Examples are drawn from skaldic poetry since this genre presupposes a metaphorical thinking which differs from that found in classical aesthetics. The skaldic metaphors in question appear to demand a violation of the principles of metaphorical constraint put forth in conceptual integration theory (blending). It is proposed that the reason for this is that blending is based on aesthetics of classical learning, while skaldic metaphors adhere to different aesthetic principles. On these grounds blending theory's claims of universality are questioned.