Etruscan numerals

The title of the conference Borders and Regions was considered by the majority of the lecturers as problems of a region at the border of a larger region (country, European Union). This lecture deals rather with the relation of a region to its own border: sets out the main functions of the frontiers of a region and concludes how certain networks can help to fulfil the same tasks. Nowadays both in strict sense and figuratively there is a shift from using sharp administrative borders towards creating indistinct frontiers. Sharp spatial borders become concentration of tension rather then solving problems (iron curtain, US—Mexican border etc.). As an analogy we can also refer to the general shift from regulation with sharp administrative limits towards market-type regulation with softer frontiers (in economy, environmental protection etc.). Over the roles supplied by a frontier zone (buffer, filter and barrier) it is a characteristic spatial structure within the region that has a chance to select the external effects arriving to the region. The physical networks that are spatial imprints of the existing relation systems have four possible roles as internal provision, external accessibility, to assure through-cut and of avoiding a region. The condition of the good operation of a region is the good local provision, that is the existence of appropriate internal networks. Out of its existence the pattern of the structure is also determining: creating appropriate internal transport network in a region it is an important target to built out multilateral net structures so, that a similar provisional position be able to decrease (and not increase) the differences originated from the position of there different localities. The measure of good accessibility is the multilaterality and multidirectionality of relations. There are two important levels of accessibility links to be distinguished: the direct main, large-scale axes and the transborder extension of the subordinated internal provision networks. In case of similarly developed linked regions, we can expect that the advantages due to the improvement of the relation will also be symmetrical between the regions. Improving accessibility between developed and less developed regions, it is not so clear, that the result is similar: we also have to take into account whether the internal structure in the underdeveloped side able to develop at a measure needed by externally controlled changes. In order to defend and develop the internal structure, the through traffic crossing the region has to be led with minimised harmfulness and with minimised troubling of internal relations. We have to learn, that it is impossible to eliminate through traffic, but on the other side it is not at all an aim to attract more of it into the region. With the metaphors Island, Basin and Crossroad we try to describe the relation between a region and its environs. The Island represents the isolated region without external relations. A Basin disposes with clearly interpretable frontiers, while there are gates along this frontier that are able to both let and filter the inflow. In the same time the internal structure is also able to select: there are incoming elemen[ easily melting into the structure, while other elements are not. The Crossroad is a part of the space where the internal structures have no role or importance; everything serves those arriving, everything is determined by external structures. By forming the transport network we can influence the endowments of a region. In connection with that task now in Hungary (and in Eastern Central Europe) we just have to strengthen the Basin-characteristics and as we are able we have to decrease the danger to be involved into a Crossroad role. Understanding such role of the networks gives us a possibility that the networks, in frame of a conscious development policy be ready to take over a part from the role of the frontiers and by that development a functional harmony could be created between the tasks of the frontiers and the internal structures.

Understanding the structure, antecedents, and outcomes of students’ emotions has become a topic of major interest in research on mathematics education. Much of this work is based on the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire—Mathematics (AEQ-M), a self-report instrument assessing students’ mathematics-related emotions. The AEQ-M measures seven emotions (enjoyment, pride, anger, anxiety, shame, hopelessness, boredom) across class, learning, and test contexts (internal structure). Based on control-value theory, it is assumed that these emotions are evoked by control and value appraisals, and that they influence students’ motivation, learning strategies, and performance (external relations). Despite the popularity and frequent use of the AEQ-M, the research leading to its development has never been published, creating uncertainty about the validity of the proposed internal structure and external relations. We close this gap in Study 1 (N = 781 students, Grades 5–10, mean age 14.1 years, 53.5% female) by demonstrating that emotions are organized across contexts and linked to their proposed antecedents and outcomes. Study 2 (N = 699 students, Grade 7 and 9, mean age 14.0 years, 56.9% female) addresses another deficit in research on the AEQ-M, the lack of evidence regarding the assumption that emotions represent sets of interrelated affective, cognitive, motivational, and physiological/expressive components. We close this gap by evaluating extended AEQ-M scales, systematically assessing these components for five core mathematics emotions (enjoyment, anger, anxiety, hopelessness, boredom). Our work provides solid grounds for future research using the AEQ-M to assess emotions and their components in the domain of mathematics.

Цель. В статье выявляются особенности функционирования пиджина английского языка, распространенного на территории Нигерии. Автор анализирует ключевые исторические факторы, оказавшие влияние на процесс формирования и развития Нигерийского пиджина. Согласно исследованию, исторически сложившаяся этническая, культурная близость с соседними народами, схожесть экономических и социальных систем основных этнических групп, Хауса, Йоруба, Игбо, оказали влияние на образование уникальной гибридной языковой системы – Нигерийского пиджина (НП), сочетающего в себе лингвистические особенности и черты европейских языков и фонетику, лексику, грамматику основных языков коренных народов Нигерии.Метод или методология проведения работы. В ходе работы автор использует эмпирические методы, где происходит анализ внешних взаимоотношений одних объектов с другими и выявляются общие и различные свойства, и теоретические методы, при которых происходит процесс обработки информации.Результаты. Результаты работы отражены в теоретических и практических исследованиях автора по изучению исторических, лингвистических и культурных особенностей функционирования НП в Нигерии и выявлению его основных характеристик.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применимы в разделах контактной лингвистике, языковой вариативности, исследованиях, посвященных теоретическим вопросам языков Западной Африки.

Ostensibly motivated by ‘taking back control’, is Brexit an opportunity to enhance the UK's capacity for self‐government? If driven by an aspiration to maximise the central state's governing autonomy, it confronts a paradox: governance structures at once enable action and constrain it. Exploring this paradox of structure, this article sets Brexit in long‐term perspective. As well as reshaping its external relations, Brexit inevitably unsettles the UK's internal structures, not least in (partly) disentangling he UK state and organised civil society from EU institutions and processes. Equally, those internal structures were themselves rarely static. Brexit has complicated the processes of their flux. The article introduces a symposium which addresses issues of this kind in three important domains: feminist civil society organisations (Minto), Westminster's role and scrutiny of European affairs (Cygan, Lynch and Whitaker) and the legal rights and access to justice of EU migrants under English law (Barnard and Fraser Burton).

The formulation of university regulations will be the urgent task for many colleges and universities to establish and improve the modern university system and optimize the internal governance structure of the University. This article through to the 14 universities of Jilin University, China University of Political Science and Law, University of Hong Kong, University of Oxford, University of Tokyo, Humboldt University Berlin and other articles of the draft articles of association or text as the object of comparison, the main contents of the existing university statutes structure and external relations, the articles of association of the legal status and nature, content structure and external relations are summarized and analyzed, in order to optimize the formulation of model reference framework, the Charter of the University Charter of the university to build a reasonable.

List of German Words and Phrases Introduction The Institutional Framework Instruments of Foreign Policy Foundations and Determining Factors of German Foreign Policy Periods of Development in German Foreign Policy Thirty-Five Years of Foreign Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany Bibliography Index

This study aimed was to investigate the internal and external evidence validity of LPFS-BF.2.0. 774 Brazilian adults, aged from 18 to 73 years, participated. The participants answered the following instruments: LPFS-BF.2.0., SAPAS, WHO-5, IDCP-SV, BFI-2 S. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor and factor congruence analysis, internal consistency, correlation with external measures, and mean comparison between groups. The internal structure found was similar to the one reported in previous studies. Results suggested validity evidence based on internal structure across adequate fit indices and factor congruence. This study›s findings also provide validity evidence based on external relations. The LPFS-BF 2.0 presented negative correlations with well-being and positive correlations with other personality measures. Mean comparison revealed this test capacity for discriminating people with poor mental health from people with good mental health.

Transactional leadership ensures an unhealthy/antagonistic leader-follower relationship. Most African governments are personal ruler ship, military dictatorship or fragile democracies. The ‘will’ of the people and ultimate sovereignty of the people have become a myth. The transactional leader turns his entire state into a machine for his own profit and that of a few friends, His thoughts lack objectivity and intellectual rig our at critical moments and incline his fledgling state to disorderly growth and mental deficiency. This sophistication of criminality and production of aggressive millineries is sustained because Africa has a very high rate of illiteracy of about 80%. They live in the rural areas, engage in subsistence farming, petty trading and local handcraft and picking of minerals on the ground. Its rudimentary background in science and technology produces an uneven process in its participation in Economic globalization. This fosters a structure of dependence of African nations on the industrial nations. This can only be overcome by a qualitative change in their internal structures and external relations, “like investing in a healthy well-fed literate population” and development of indigenous technology advancement. Unfortunately the people are considered as victims or even opponents of Government. The paper advocates for transformational leadership in all global states like Christ-Apostle transformational partnership uplifting “servants” to “Friends” of God the Father (John, 15:15). Common humanity will begin to enjoy a progressive partnership from leader-follower, follower-leader through feedback process to moral exemplar-upcoming leaders in designs environment that demands innovation and promotes entrepreneurial activity for the prosperity of all mankind.

The Eastern Limfjord in the Germanic Iron age and the Viking Period: Internal Structures and External Relations

In this paper a number of issues are discussed relating to the assessment of hypnotism. First, some questions concerning the function of standardization and the use of norms are considered. Next, a relatively neutral definition of hypnotic susceptibility is proposed as a context within which important variations in its assessment are subsequently discussed. These variations are grouped according to whether they concern context, content, internal structure or external relations. A final section considers the enterprise of hypnotic state assessment.

This paper assesses prospects for the relationship between educational studies and educational practice, with reference to the current institutional and policy context in England. Drawing on the sociology of educational knowledge and practice, it is argued that educational studies can be conceptualised in contrasting ways, by considering internal structures, external relations and how disciplinary problematics are defined, but also by how educational practice is portrayed. To develop the analysis, Bernstein’s work on knowledge structures and academic and professional discourses is articulated with philosophical work that distinguishes between different conceptualisations of practice prevalent in the humanities and social sciences. This enables critical reflection on three arrangements of educational studies (the foundation disciplines, the new science, and the deliberative traditions) each with their own internal dynamic, socio-epistemic assumptions, relationship to policy, and implications for the future production of knowledge. This process of reflection is illustrated with reference to some recent developments in England that illuminate the current position of educational studies in relation to educational policy and practice.

West Germany: Internal Structures and External Relations: Foreign Policy of the Federal Republic of Germany

This article delves into the strategic imperative for Ukrainian higher education institutions (HEIs) to align with the European Education Area (EEA), a process underscored by the Ukrainian Strategy for the Development of Higher Education for 2022-2032. The integration into the EEA promises manifold advantages for Ukrainian education, economy, and society, including adherence to European standards, accreditation recognition, and expanded opportunities for students and educators. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of recent research and publications, highlighting the need for innovation in higher education to enhance the competitiveness of Ukrainian science in the European context. The article stresses the role of HEIs in forming an innovative infrastructure that interlinks their internal structure and external relations, thereby enhancing educational outcomes. The article identifies key unresolved issues, including the systematic and purposeful process of educational innovation required for effective integration into the EEA. The paper sets objectives focused on creating conditions for seamless integration into European educational standards and approaches. It also presents a detailed analysis of the European experience in innovation, highlighting various programs and areas that aid in the integration of European higher education. Furthermore, the article discusses the negative factors impacting innovation management in Ukrainian universities due to European integration, ranging from funding discrepancies to the impact of war. Conversely, it also outlines the strengths of Ukrainian universities, such as their resilient adaptability and strong STEM foundations, which can be leveraged in the context of European integration. In conclusion, the paper argues that the integration of Ukrainian higher education into the EEA is a strategic step that requires a comprehensive and systematic approach. It calls for future research to analyze the synergies and discrepancies between European and Ukrainian educational standards and to examine international risk management practices in educational governance.

The present study summarizes the forms of numerals of the first decade in more than 200 Central Chadic languages and their varieties, including their sources, to analyze their internal structure and external relations, in both genetic and areal plans.

The Russian Constitution adopted in 1993 created new legislative institutions with fewer formal powers than their predecessor, the Congress of People's Deputies. The new lower house or State Duma is elected on a multi‐party basis, causing changes in the parliament's internal structure as well. This paper argues that the internal relations, external relations and functions of parliamentary committees in the Russian Duma are changing as a result of the growing strength of parties in that body. Specifically, the introduction of parties has strengthened representation in the Duma, but has been detrimental to overall legislative effectiveness.