Abstract
Mastitis in dairy animals is the primary concern of dairy farmers, which is the most common disease that causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry. The economic losses due to mastitis are from a reduction in milk yield, condemnation of milk with antibiotic residues, veterinary treatment costs, and death. In addition, some mastitis pathogens also cause serious human diseases associated with the contamination of milk or milk products with bacteria or their toxins. Bovine mastitis is mainly caused by a wide range of environmental and contagious bacterial mastitis pathogens. Contagious pathogens are those whose main reservoir is the infected udder. Contagious pathogens mainly spread among animals during milking process whereas environmental pathogens spread from environment to udder at any time. The source of the environmental pathogens is the surrounding environment of an animal. The major contagious pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Mycoplasma spp. and the minor contagious pathogens include Corynebacterium bovis and others. Major environmental pathogens include coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp.), environmental streptococci (Strep. dysgalactiae, Strep. uberis). This chapter covers detailed review of published data on contagious and environmental pathogens responsible for bovine mastitis.
Highlights
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms or trauma
The epidemiological field study of mastitis concluded that agents such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli account for over 75% of mastitis cases, and Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent, resistant and challenging candidate among them [8, 15, 17]
Cephalosporins and non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly recommended for the treatment of E. coli mastitis, to which microbe has evolved the resistive character [84, 87]
Summary
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms or trauma. Its purpose is to eliminate or neutralize infectious agents or repair injury and set the stage for healing and restoring normal functioning [1]. Inflammation can be caused by many types of injuries, including infectious agents and their toxins, chemical irritation, and physical trauma [2, 3]. Mastitis is one of the main diseases of dairy animals (e.g., cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and camels) In herds that lack an effective mastitis control program, infectious agents such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae are generally considered to be the main organisms causing mastitis [11]. Prior to the implementation of mastitis control strategies such as 5-point mastitis control program and later on 10-point mastitis control program by National Mastitis council, contagious mastitis pathogens were considered as the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy cows, even in developed countries [14–16]. Uberis, Klebsiella and E. coli are the most common environmental pathogens, gaining access to udder at any time including during milking process. Clinical mastitis manifest symptoms such as udder/quarter swelling, abnormal milk quality and quantity, and anorexia [21–23]
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