Abstract
Procedures and operating conditions optimized in laboratory scale for the production of ethyl biodiesels from non-edible vegetable oils (NEVOs) were successfully transferred at pilot scale, with implementation of separation and purification stages. The three NEVOs candidates are Balanites aegyptiaca (BA), Azadirachta indica (AI), and Jatropha curcas (JC), converted into BAEEs, AIEEs and JCEEs respectively via homogeneous catalysis. Quality specifications of the produced biofuels were used to explain pollutant emissions and engine performance observed via a power generator. Under the same conditions, blends of petrodiesel with crude BA or JC oil (50 wt.%) were also investigated.The selected overall methodology “feedstock-conversion-engine” led to the proposal of a sustainable alternative fuel. The candidate NEVO is BA oil to which the proposed alkali route should lead to a low cost biodiesel production process thanks to easy operating conditions, associated with a two-stage procedure (glycerol recycling) and a dry-purification method (rice husk ashes). Glycerol addition should be carried out at ambient temperature to play positively at phenomena occurring in the reacting medium (chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, phase equilibrium). Tests on power generator demonstrated that BAEEs led to cleaner combustion than petrodiesel, particularly for the most harmful emissions (light carbonyls and ultrafine particulate matter).
Highlights
IntroductionTo a negative competition with food production, this indirect land use change (ILUC) of 1G-biofuels leads to a negative environmental footprint, with deforestation in some areas of the globe causing a reduction in biodiversity and a displacement of pollution (CO2 reduction through plant photosynthesis, offset by pollution-induced at soil-water during agricultural exploitation of resources (by fertilizers) and their conversion into biofuel (with generation of effluents)) [2,5]
These fundamental aspects focus on the main physicochemical features of ethanolysis (NEVO conversion to biodiesel via transesterification methods; reduced mass transfer limitation; coupling of chemical kinetics, phase equilibria and chemical equilibrium; key parameters of the ethanolysis process and best compromise) and on the relationship between the structure and composition of various natural materials versus their adsorbent efficiency
Procedures and operating conditions optimized in laboratory scale for production of FAEEs from widely available non-edible vegetable oils (NEVOs) (BA, AI, and Jatropha curcas (JC) oils) [10] were successfully transferred at the pilot scale, with implementation of separation and purification stages
Summary
To a negative competition with food production, this indirect land use change (ILUC) of 1G-biofuels leads to a negative environmental footprint, with deforestation in some areas of the globe causing a reduction in biodiversity and a displacement of pollution (CO2 reduction through plant photosynthesis, offset by pollution-induced at soil-water during agricultural exploitation of resources (by fertilizers) and their conversion into biofuel (with generation of effluents)) [2,5]. Production of biodiesel fuel from non-edible vegetable oils (NEVOs) and bioethanol (derived from biomass residues) is an attractive alternative based on local and renewable use of agricultural resources [3,6e8]. This alternative would help emerging countries to access energy independence while ensuring food security and new employment sources. Higher emissions in carbonyls (acrolein, propanal, acetone) were observed for some FAEEs of low volatility and unsaturation level [9]
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