Ethnobotanical knowledge and its role in biodiversity conservation of Tatar Sunda, Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to find out how the level of return on education investment and the results of human resource analysis using the Payback Period, Net Benefit or Cost Ratio, and Net Present Value methods for graduates in the English Education Department of Higher Education at West Java and Banten Province. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative method. Samples taken in this study were 60 graduates in the English Education Department of Higher Education at West Java and Banten Province. Based on the results of the research, obtained 3 domiciles from all respondents, namely Banten, DKI Jakarta, and West Java provinces. The results showed that there was a high income gap be- tween graduates in each domicile. Using the Payback Period method, for graduates who are domiciled in Banten and West Java province, showed that investment is feasible but for graduates who are domiciled in the DKI Jakarta province, showed that unfeasible. Using the Net Benefit or Cost Ratio (BCR) method, for graduates domiciled in Banten and West Java province indicate that the investment is feasible, that the BCR value is more than 1. However, for graduates who are domiciled at the DKI Jakarta province, that the investment is unfeasible, that the BCR value is less than 1, that is 0.30. Using the Net Present Value (NPV) method, for graduates who are domiciled at Banten and West Java province showed that the in- vestment is feasible, that a positive NPV value. However, for graduates who are domiciled in DKI Jakarta province, showed that the investment is unfeasible, that the NPV value is negative.

Background and Aim:Fowl avidenoviruses (FAdVs) are generally considered ubiquitous, but certain serotypes and strains are known to be associated with primary diseases, such as inclusion body hepatitis (IBH). Since 2018, the outbreak of IBH has been reported in part provinces of Indonesia. This study aimed to isolate and molecularly characterize the FAdV from Banten and West Java Provinces of Indonesia and described the phylogenetic relationship with the FAdV that has been characterized in other countries.Materials and Methods:A total of 25 FAdV archive samples have been collected from January to August 2019 from clinical cases of FAdV infection in Banten and West Java Provinces, Indonesia. Collected samples were inoculated in 10-day-old specific-pathogenic-free chicken embryonated eggs. Hexon gene of FAdV was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a primer set from previous study. To gain a better understanding of the FAdV genetic properties and construct the phylogeny tree, the PCR products were sequenced and subjected to a BLAST search and inferred using the neighbor-joining method by bootstrap test 1000×.Results:FAdV-D and FAdV-E are present in Banten, Indonesia. The phylogenetic analysis of 850 nucleotides that encode 289 amino acid of the partial hexon gene shows that the isolates Broiler/MSL/Ciputat-149/18, Broiler/MSL/Lebak-151/18, and Broiler/MSL/Ciputat-29/19 have 100% homology with FAdV-E TR/BVKE/R/D-1 from Turkey, whereas the isolates Layer/MSL/Ciputat-20/19 and Broiler/MSL/Ciputat-30/19 have 100% homology with FAdV-D strain 685 from Canada.Conclusion:The present study provides updates of the circulating FAdV in commercial poultry flocks in Banten and West Java Provinces, Indonesia. Since the FAdV vaccine was unavailable in Indonesia, this result might be used as guidance to select a proper FAdV vaccine strain. Our result indicates that at least two FAdV species were circulating among poultry in Banten and West Java Provinces, Indonesia; they are FAdV-D and FAdV-E.

This study was aimed to analyze the influence of the primary sector of GRDP, secondary sector of GRDP, tertiary sector of GRDP, basic education graduates, middle education graduates, higher education graduates, male morbidity rate, female morbidity rate, and population growth on the unemployment rate in six provinces in Indonesia including Special Capital Region of Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, Special Region of Yogyakarta, East Java, and Banten Provinces. The data type of this study was secondary data for the period of 2009-2018 and cross data of the six provinces, whereas the data analysis technique used was panel data regression analysis. From the result, it was found that the basic education graduates and population growth on the significance level of 1 percent have a significant influence, while the secondary sector of GRDP, tertiary sector of GRDP, higher education, and the male morbidity rate were found to have a significant influence on the unemployment rate with the significant rate of 5 percent. Keywords : unemployment, economic sectors, human capital, population DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-4-07 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

BackgroundThe Daur people are one of the 55 minority ethnic groups in China and have lived in Northern China for 300 years. In traditional Daur medicine, medicinal and edible plants (MEPs) are utilised for health benefits and therapeutic purposes; however, related ethnobotanical knowledge is rarely reported, which is disadvantageous for the sustainable development of these MEPs.MethodsSemi-structured interviews with 122 informants, six focus group discussions, and a resource survey were conducted in a Daur minority nationality area in Inner Mongolia from 2015 to 2020, and the data statistics were analysed. In this study, we simulated a system dynamics model aimed at understanding the multiple feedback mechanisms involved in the relationships between the cultural influences and socioeconomic factors, sustainable environment, and development of MEPs.ResultsA total of 52 species of MEPs were identified and relevant ethnobotanical knowledge was assessed using Daur medicinal species data from Inner Mongolia and the Xinjiang region, with the literature and Ewenki ethnic group data used for comparison. The most commonly used medicinal plant species by the Daur were found to be Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica, Artemisia integrifolia, Crataegus pinnatifida, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Artemisia argyi, and Jacobaea cannabifolia. The MEPs most frequently targeted the digestive and rheumatic immunity systems, as well as infectious diseases or parasitic infections and other common diseases and basic health issues. MEP knowledge was primarily limited to older generations; thus, the valuable ethnobotanical knowledge on traditional medicines must be protected from future losses.ConclusionsOur findings provide insights for future research aimed at exploiting the rich phytochemical diversity in traditional medicine and promote its use in modern lifestyles. Effective assessment and management of plant resources will lead to their application for the improvement of dietary diversity, nutrition, and health care.

West Java and Banten Provinces have diverse local red rice varieties/accessions to support national food security, not only in terms of quantity but also the quality of rice. Good eating quality is closely related to palatability. Palatability is a property that is directly related to the quality of rice feeding, aroma, appearance, taste and texture. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and DNA fingerprint profiles of local red rice accessions from West Java dan Banten using molecular markers related to palatability. A total of 12 red rice accessions and four local red rice accessions from Banten and West Java Provinces were estimated their genetic diversity, respectively. The SSR primers used were Ams (linked with aspartate aminotransferase), GPA (glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase), GBSS1 (granule-bound starch synthase), CBG (nano cyanogenic β-glucosidase), SS1 (starch synthase), SBE1 (glucosidic linkage of a-polyglucan), RM510 (gel consistency), RM13 (protein content) and RM410 (aromatic). The dendrogram showed two main groups of red rice accessions. The first group consisted of Mayang, Tambleg, Sengkeuhan, Pare Jaketra, Jalawara Hawara, Gadok, Carogol, Beureum Batu, Waren, Segubal, Tampai Beureum and Leger Pondok (similarity reached 80.5%). The second group consists of Kapundung, Cere Beureum and Cireh Hideung with a similarity of 79.5%.

Transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge is needed for cultural preservation and biodiversity conservation. Nowadays, this is seriously threatened by globalization which is evident in tropical areas due to influence of Western culture leading to rapid change in indigenous individual and the community. Several factors were attributed and associated with the use of plants in the indigenous communities which includes biological, ecological and socio-cultural with the inclusion of techniques, practices, religion and age. Moreover, gender influences the ethnobotanical knowledge and the structure of local medical systems. The study aimed to assess the gender roles, sanitation practice, and lifestyle of Sambal-Bolinao in their traditional herbal healing. Specifically, it sought to determine the traditional herbal healers’ profile, gender roles; and sanitation practice and lifestyle. Descriptive research technique was employed in gathering data. All traditional herbal healers in the municipality of Bolinao were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 19 managtambal; 11 males and 8 females. The Sambal-Bolinao Roman Catholic believers appreciated the practice of traditional herbal healing. They extended their roles as plant gatherers, keepers of the plant parts gathered, washers of the plant parts prior to treatment, managers of the plant parts wastes and as plant conservationist either through plant propagation and personal campaign on plant conservation. Majority of women traditional herbal healers did not transmit their ethnobotanical knowledge to their children and relatives due to their multiple burden case and perceived economic difficulty for their children. Men traditional herbal healers were the one transmitting their ethnobotanical knowledge to their family members.

Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants has prevailed in society for decades, but it is still little explored in schools. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss, in a playful and didactic way, with 6th-grade students from a private school located in the urban area of the municipality of Breves, Marajó Mesoregion, Pará, the importance of these botanical species for the promotion of health and sustainability. The methodologies adopted were the application of questionnaires for prior investigation into the students' ethnobotanical knowledge, and the use of experiments and the holding of a science fair that brought together traditional and scientific knowledge with the students' experiences in relation to ethnobotany. Finally, the results of this research were positive because these practices strengthened socio-environmental education in the Marajó school context, sparked curiosity, and stimulated active participation in the teaching-learning process so that students become critical, engaged citizens committed to issues related to the intangible and cultural heritage of Marajó, environmental preservation, and biodiversity conservation.

BackgroundThe Baiku Yao, primarily residing in Guangxi and Guizhou provinces of China, is a distinctive branch of the Yao ethnic group, known for their profound cultural preservation and unique ethnobotanical knowledge. This study investigates the Baiku Yao community’s utilization of traditional food plants, focusing on the relationship between their dietary practices and the local biodiversity within their mountainous living environment. It aims to illuminate the cultural significance and survival strategies embedded in their ethnobotanical knowledge, highlighting the potential for sustainable living and biodiversity conservation.MethodsThrough ethnobotanical surveys, key informant interviews, and quantitative analysis techniques such as the cultural food significance index (CFSI) and relative frequency of citations (RFC), this research systematically documents the diversity and cultural importance of edible plants in the Baiku Yao community. The study assesses how these plants contribute to the community’s diet, traditional medicine, and overall cultural practices.ResultsA total of 195 traditional edible plants were documented, belonging to 142 genera and 68 families, with a significant concentration in certain families such as Asteraceae, Rosaceae, and Fabaceae. The Baiku Yao diet prominently features herbaceous plants, with wild (103 species) and cultivated (89 species) varieties as diverse food sources. They utilize various plant parts, particularly fruits and leaves, for multiple purposes, including nutrition, medicine, and fodder. Their processing techniques, from raw to fermented, showcase a rich culinary tradition and emphasize a holistic use of plants for enhancing diet and health in a concise overview. The RFC and CFSI analyses reveal a deep cultural reliance on a variety of plant species, with a notable emphasis on vegetables, fruits, spices, and medicinal herbs. Specific plants like Zingiber officinale, Zea mays, and Oryza sativa were highlighted for their high cultural significance. The study also uncovers the multifunctional use of these plants, not only as food but also for medicinal purposes, fodder, and other cultural applications, reflecting the Baiku Yao’s profound ecological wisdom and their harmonious coexistence with nature.ConclusionThe findings emphasize the rich ethnobotanical knowledge possessed by the Baiku Yao, underscoring the importance of documenting, safeguarding, and transmitting this invaluable traditional knowledge. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of cultural heritage and biodiversity conservation, advocating for concerted efforts to protect such traditional practices against the threats of modernization and cultural erosion.

Transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge is needed for cultural preservation and biodiversity conservation. Nowadays, this is seriously threatened by globalization which is evident in tropical areas due to influence of Western culture leading to rapid change in indigenous individual and the community. Several factors were attributed and associated with the use of plants in the indigenous communities which includes biological, ecological and socio-cultural with the inclusion of techniques, practices, religion and age. Moreover, gender influences the ethnobotanical knowledge and the structure of local medical systems. The study aimed to assess the gender roles, sanitation practice, and lifestyle of Sambal-Bolinao in their traditional herbal healing. Specifically, it sought to determine the traditional herbal healers’ profile, gender roles; and sanitation practice and lifestyle. Descriptive research technique was employed in gathering data. All traditional herbal healers in the municipality of Bolinao were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 19 managtambal; 11 males and 8 females. The Sambal-Bolinao Roman Catholic believers appreciated the practice of traditional herbal healing. They extended their roles as plant gatherers, keepers of the plant parts gathered, washers of the plant parts prior to treatment, managers of the plant parts wastes and as plant conservationist either through plant propagation and personal campaign on plant conservation. Majority of women traditional herbal healers did not transmit their ethnobotanical knowledge to their children and relatives due to their multiple burden case and perceived economic difficulty for their children. Men traditional herbal healers were the one transmitting their ethnobotanical knowledge to their family members.

Background: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are crucial to both global and national economies. They create jobs, boost competitiveness and drive economic growth. In the digital age, SMEs have increased opportunities to expand, enhance their capabilities and compete effectively.Aim: This research explores how environmentally conscious SMEs improve performance using dynamic capabilities (DCs) approach. It specifically examines how e-commerce and management capabilities contribute to SME performance in the Indonesian culinary sector and highlights the role of strategic orientation in this study.Setting: The study focusses on SMEs in the culinary sub-sector located in West Java, DKI Jakarta, and Banten provinces in Indonesia. These regions were selected because of their vibrant culinary industries and the significant role SMEs play in the local economy and gross domestic product (GDP).Methods: A quantitative analysis was conducted using online surveys via Google Forms, collecting 236 responses. The data were analysed with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using Smart PLS 3.0 software.Results: Four hypotheses about DCs and SME performance were tested, with three being accepted. The study found that DCs alone do not directly enhance SME performance.Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of strategic orientation in mediating DCs with SME performance. In the digital era, aligning goals with market needs helps SMEs use their DCs more effectively, adapt to changes, innovate and grow sustainably.Contribution: This research contributes to the literature on DCs and strategic management, offering insights into improving SME performance in Indonesia.

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Today, private polytechnics are required to innovate towards competitive advantage and superior performance in the higher education sector. However, in reality the accreditation is low, there is a lack of intellectual property rights and patents, many students drop out and have a long working period for graduates. Using a survey of all private polytechnics in West Java and Banten Province in Indonesia 30 institutions with 876 respondents from faculty members and students assigned randomly. The results of the study show that educational service innovation has an effect on competitive advantage and marketing performance. Competitive advantage also affects marketing performance.

The distribution of Dinochloa scandens is unclear. World bamboo checklists suggest it is relatively widespread in Malesia. Here we clarify issues with herbarium specimen identification. Besides, a synonym name of D. scandens, namely D. macrocarpa collected from the Philippines, needs to be reviewed. The study aims to provide information on distribution and to review the synonym of D. scandens. The habitat preferences of D. scandens are also presented. We carried out targeted fieldwork at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park in West Java in 2019 and extensive examination of herbarium specimens from Herbarium Bogoriense and online portals to accurately circumscribe this species. All data were analyzed descriptively. Distribution, altitude, and rainfall maps for D. scandens were produced with ArcGIS Pro. Our examination on the specimens suggests that D. scandens is indeed endemic to West Java and Banten Provinces in Indonesia. This bamboo species can be found in lowland to mountain forests with an altitude of 20-1400 m, in areas with annual rainfall between 3000-4000 mm. We support D. macrocarpa as an accepted name for a bamboo species from the Philippines and remove it from synonymy with D. scandens due to clear differences in the fruit compared to specimens of D. scandens across its range.

Dayak Desa is a sub-tribe of a large group of Dayak tribes in West Kalimantan. Within the tribal community, it is estimated that there are still several traditional healers (battra) practicing traditional medicine. This study aims to identify the existence of traditional healers from the Dayak Desa tribe in the villages of Kebong and Merpak, analyze the species of medicinal plants used by traditional healers of Dayak Desa and analyze the similarities/ differences in knowledge of medicinal plants possessed by traditional healers and the general communities in Kelam Permai Sub-district. This study used an in-depth interview method to traditional healers from the Dayak Desa tribe with questionnaire aids, which contains questions related to the species of medicinal plants used in their practice. Data analysis was in the form of many species of medicinal plants used by traditional healers, plant families, habitus and parts of plants used, methods of processing and use, location, and sources of medicinal plants taken. The results showed that in Kebong and Merpak villages, there were still four traditional healers practicing traditional medication and using 59 species of medicinal plants. There are 39 species of plants used by traditional healers and also used by the communities, while 20 species others only used by traditional healers. The highest use is found in the family of Poaceae (5 species), herb habitus (37%), processing method by boiling (30%), and administration method by drinking (29%), and paste (29%), the form of single-use and mixture is quite balanced (49 and 48%). The primary source of obtaining medicinal raw materials comes from the yard (57%), and plant sources come from wild growing (59%). The knowledge of medicinal plants possessed by traditional healers should be continued documented; thus, the diversity of medicinal plants can be preserved for the next generation.

The ethnobotanical studies provide a generalized survey of ethnobotanical knowledge, traditional practices, and plant species utilization using by humans a range of provisioning ecosystem services, referring dominantly to rural and less to urban settlements. This study aims to answer the question of whether traditional ethnobotanical knowledge is applied in urban areas in the context of the selection and utilization of medicinal, aromatic, and wild edible plant species. The research was conducted in the urban area of the city of Kragujevac (central Serbia) in the period from May to October 2021. Data collection was performed "in situ" using semi-structured ethnobotanical face-to-face interviews with 43 respondents. The total number of finally selected plant species reported by respondents was 24. They were classified according to their purpose of use as medicinal, food, and ornamental. Herein, the analyzed urban population mostly utilized plant species for edible purposes.