Межэтническая напряженность в России и Европе (по данным ESS на 2012 г.)

This article examines the pre-crisis (2014–2016) state of interethnic relations in Russia and European countries and takes into account Russian scholarship on this subject. Interethnic tensions are treated as a socio-psychological characteristic reflecting an imbalance in relationships that result from heightened conflict among ethnic groups. Respondents’ attitudes toward migrants entering their country are used to shed light on interethnic tensions in Russia and Europe.Our data come from the European Social Survey (ESS). We examine such indicators of interethnic tension as respondents’ attitudes toward the movement of immigrants into their countries and their assessments of the changes such immigrants bring. By identifying analogues of these indicators, we were able to design an interethnic-tension index that enables comparisons across European countries.The article identifies the countries where interethnic tensions were, at the time the study was conducted, least (Scandinavia) and most pronounced (Cyprus, Russia, the Czech Republic, Portugal, and Hungary). The greatest tension was found among members of the old and young age groups and among women and respondents with the least education, least income, and who reside in rural areas.Among the main causes of interethnic tension (cultural features of interacting ethnic groups) we identified other factors that consistently affect the level of tensions: per capita GDP, the proportion of immigrants within the overall population, the number of immigrants arriving within the past five years, trust in people, and type of employment.

Objective Hysterectomy rates have fallen over recent years and there remains debate whether salpingectomy should be performed to reduce the lifetime risk of ovarian cancer. We examined trends in adnexal removal and route of hysterectomy in Australia between 2001 and 2015. Methods Data were obtained from the national procedural dataset for hysterectomy approach (vaginal, VH; abdominal, AH; and, laparoscopic, LH) and rates of adnexal removal, as well as endometrial ablation. The total female population in two age groups (“younger age group,” 35 to 54 years, and “older age group,” 55 to 74 years) was obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results The rate of hysterectomy fell in both younger (61.7 versus 45.2/10000/year, p < 0.005) and older (38.8 versus 33.2/10000/year, p < 0.005) age groups. In both age groups there were significant decreases in the incidence rates for VH (by 53% in the younger age group and 29% in the older age group) and AH (by 53% and 55%, respectively). The rates of LH increased by 153% in the younger age group and 307% in the older age group. Overall, the proportion of hysterectomies involving adnexal removal increased (31% versus 65% in the younger age group, p < 0.005; 44% versus 58% in the older age group, p < 0.005). The increase occurred almost entirely after 2011. Conclusion Hysterectomy is becoming less common, and both vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy are being replaced by laparoscopic hysterectomy. Removal of the adnexae is now more common in younger women.

Multiplicity 1: Subgroup analyses

Time Trends of Ulcer Mortality in Europe

We aimed to elucidate the factors for the decision-making process in the treatment of adult spinal deformity (ASD), including sagittal parameters, that impact health-related quality of life (HRQOL). A multicenter prospective ASD database was retrospectively reviewed. The demographic data, HRQOL, and radiographic measures were analyzed using multivariate analyses in younger (≤ 50years) and older (> 50years) age groups. This study included 414 patients (134 surgical and 280 nonsurgical; mean age 30.7years) in the younger age group and 575 patients (323 surgical and 252 nonsurgical; mean age 65.8years) in the older age group. Worse HRQOL measures drove surgical treatment, both in younger and older patients. The SRS-22 self-image score was the most differentiating domain, both in the younger and older age groups, and an additional significant factor in the older age group was pain and disability. Coronal deformity drove surgical treatment for the younger age group; however, older surgical patients were less likely to have coronal malalignment. Sagittal parameters were associated with the decision-making process. Greater pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis mismatch in the younger age group and smaller lumbar lordosis index in the older age group were most correlated with the decision to undergo surgery. Aside from the HRQOL measures and coronal deformity, sagittal parameters were identified as significant factors for the decision-making process in the ASD population, and the lack of lumbar lordosis in relation to pelvic incidence was a strong driver to pursue surgical treatment. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

AimsRecent decades have seen very large declines in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality across most of Europe, partly due to declines in risk factors such as smoking. Cardiovascular diseases (predominantly CHD and stroke), remain, however, the main cause of death in most European countries, and many risk factors for CHD, particularly obesity, have been increasing substantially over the same period. It is hypothesized that observed reductions in CHD mortality have occurred largely within older age groups, and that rates in younger groups may be plateauing or increasing as the gains from reduced smoking rates are increasingly cancelled out by increasing rates of obesity and diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine sex-specific trends in CHD mortality between 1980 and 2009 in the European Union (EU) and compare trends between adult age groups.MethodsSex-specific data from the WHO global mortality database were analysed using the joinpoint software to examine trends and significant changes in trends in age-standardized mortality rates. Specific age groups analysed were: under 45, 45–54, 55–64, and 65 years and over. The number and location of significant joinpoints for each country by sex and age group was determined (maximum of 3) using a log-linear model, and the annual percentage change within each segment calculated. Average annual percentage change overall (1980–2009) and separately for each decade were calculated with respect to the underlying joinpoint model.ResultsRecent CHD rates are now less than half what they were in the early 1980s in many countries, in younger adult age groups as well as in the population overall. Trends in mortality rates vary markedly between EU countries, but less so between age groups and sexes within countries. Fifteen countries showed evidence of a recent plateauing of trends in at least one age group for men, as did 12 countries for women. This did not, however, appear to be any more common in younger age groups compared with older adults. There was little evidence to support the hypothesis that mortality rates have recently begun to plateau in younger age groups in the EU as a whole, although such plateaus and even a small number of increases in CHD mortality in younger subpopulations were observed in a minority of countries.ConclusionThere is limited evidence to support the hypothesis that CHD mortality rates in younger age groups in the member states of the EU have been more likely to plateau than in older age groups. There are, however, substantial and persistent inequalities between countries. It remains vitally important for the whole EU to monitor and work towards reducing preventable risk factors for CHD and other chronic conditions to promote wellbeing and equity across the region.

Objective To explore the effect of aging on the brain electrophysiological mechanism of information processing of representation rotating in patients with depressive disorder.Methods Twenty-seven patients with depressive disorders,admitted to our hospital from November 2011 and March 2011,were chosen in our study and they were divided into young-aged group (n=14) and old-aged group (n=13); and other 26 normal healthy participants (13 in young-aged group and 13 in old-aged group) were also chosen; they were performed the mental rotation tasks; the latency and amplitude of P500,and the wrong number and the response time by event-related potentials (ERP) system were measured.Results As compared with the control group,the patients in the young and old-aged patient group had higher error rates in normal and in lower error rates in mirror (P＜0.05),and longer reaction times in normal and longer reaction times in mirror (P＜0.05).As compared with the control group,the patients in the young and old-aged patient group had lower P500 amplitude in normal and higher P500 amplitude in mirror (P＜0.05); the P500 latency in the young-aged patient group was longer than that in the old-age patient group (P＜0.05).As compared with the young-aged control group,the error rates in the old-age control group were higher (P＜0.05),the reaction times were longer (P＜0.05),the P500 amplitude was lower (P＜0.05),and P500 latency was longer in the old-aged control group(P＜0.05); no significant difference was found on the error rates,reaction times,P500 amplitude and latency in the old-aged patients group (P＞0.05).Conclusion The information processing of representation rotating is impaired in patients with depressive disorder,and its aging effect disappears; the young-aged patients has a greater extent of damage than the elderly patients; it is suggested that the aging brain nerve system in a certain degree can protect the system on information processing of representation rotating. Key words: Depressive disorder; Representation; Information processing; Aging effect; Mental rotation; Event-related potential

Hatescape? A relational geography of disability hate crime, exclusion and belonging in the city

Purpose We investigated associations of blood pressure (BP) with albuminuria and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in young, middle and older aged patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus. Materials & Methods Study participants were treated patients with hypertension or diabetes, enrolled in a China nationwide registry. The 2510 patients were classified into young (<45 years, n = 345), middle (45–64 years, n = 1383) and older (≥65 years, n = 782) age groups. Clinic BP was measured three times consecutively on each of the two clinic visits. These six readings were averaged for analyses. Albuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g. LVH was assessed by the electrocardiogram (ECG) Cornell product and voltage methods. Results The prevalence of albuminuria and ECG-LVH was 17.8 and 6.5%, respectively. Mean (±SD) systolic/diastolic BP was 132.0 ± 16.5/85.2 ± 11.9 mmHg, 136.8 ± 17.9/81.7 ± 11.2 mmHg, and 139.8 ± 16.7/75.8 ± 10.4 mmHg in the young, middle and older age groups. In the young age group, the prevalence of albuminuria increased from 8.8% in systolic/diastolic BP <120/80 mmHg to 14.6, 16.0% and 16.5% in 120–129/80–84, 130–139/85–89 and ≥140/90 mmHg, respectively. The corresponding values were 8.9, 7.0, 18.1 and 22.2%, respectively, in the middle age group, and 21.2, 15.5, 16.4 and 24.4%, respectively, in the older age group. Adjusted analyses confirmed the J-shaped relation between BP and albuminuria in the older but not young age group. The prevalence of ECG-LVH was significantly (p for trend ≤0.04) higher with increasing BP similarly in all age groups. Conclusions The association between BP and organ damage seems to differ in young, middle and older aged patients for albuminuria but not ECG-LVH.

Objective: We investigated the association of blood pressure with albuminuria and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in young, middle and older age groups of patients. Design and method: Our study participants were treated patients with hypertension or diabetes, enrolled in a China nationwide registry. The 2510 patients were classified into young (&lt;45 years, n = 345), middle (45–65 years, n = 1383) and older (&gt;65 years, n = 782) age groups. Clinic blood pressure was measured three times consecutively on each of the two planned clinic visits. These six readings were averaged for statistical analysis. Albuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio of &gt; 30 mg/g. LVH was assessed by the electrocardiogram (ECG) Cornell product method. Results: The prevalence of albuminuria and ECG-LVH was 17.8% and 3.7%, respectively, in all patients and 18.1% and 4.2%, respectively, in 2026 (80.7%) patients on antihypertensive medication. The mean (±SD) systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 132.0 ± 16.5/85.2 ± 11.9 mmHg, 136.8 ± 17.9/81.7 ± 11.2 mmHg, and 139.8 ± 16.7/75.8 ± 10.4 mmHg in young, middle and older age groups. In the young age group, the prevalence of albuminuria increased from 8.8% in blood pressure &lt; 120/80 mmHg to 14.6%, 16.0% and 16.5% in blood pressure at 120–130/80–85, 130–140/85–90 and &gt; 140/90 mmHg. The corresponding values were 8.9%, 7.0%, 18.1% and 22.2%, respectively, in the middle age group, and 21.2%, 15.5%, 16.4% and 24.4%, respectively, in the older age group. The prevalence of ECG-LVH was slightly but non-significantly (P for trend &gt; 0.09) higher with increasing blood pressure similarly in all age groups. Conclusions: The relationship between blood pressure and organ damage seems to be age-dependent for albuminuria but not ECG-LVH.

The article analyzes the statistical indicators of bullying and cyberbullying, examines the theoretical and legal issues of their definition and modern understanding in different European countries. It was found that bullying is not characterized by the specificity of the act, but by the peculiarities of the Mens Rea.The article highlights the features of anti-bullying policy of different European countries, presents their general provisions. It was found that in all European countries, criminal liability for bullying is not provided, but some of its manifestations lead to criminal liability, forming a component of other offenses such as stalking; harassment; physical violence; incitement to suicide; incitement to violence and discrimination based on racial, ethnic, religious or national characteristics, so-called "hate crimes"; sl; computer crimes; sexual violence against minors, crimes against property, etc. However, based on socio-cultural circumstances, anti-bullying laws are constantly changing and supplemented by new provisions. The article presents the experience of Great Britain, France, Spain, Italy, which shows the existence of criminal law on combating grooming, "hate crimes", personification, invasion of privacy, which addresses the issue of criminal liability for acts that have signs of bullying. The general modern European tendencies concerning responsibility of minors for commission of acts which have signs of bullying are established. The synthesis of foreign experience allowed to identify general patterns and see a comprehensive approach to solving the problem of bullying among foreign countries, which allowed to identify weaknesses in domestic legislation. Against this background, the state of criminal law regulation of bullying in Ukraine is briefly analyzed and proposals for harmonization of national legislation on combating bullying are formulated.

Age and electromyographic frequency alterations during walking in children with cerebral palsy

Prevalence of somatoform disorders and medically unexplained symptoms in old age populations in comparison with younger age groups: A systematic review

The European Youth Heart Study (EYHS) addresses cardiovascular disease risk factors and their determinants in European children and adolescents. The Swedish part of the study began with cross-sectional data collection in 9- and 15-year-old schoolchildren in 1998–1999 (EYHS-I). Repeated observations of the key indicators were performed in 2004–2005 (EYHS-II). The purpose of this study was to assess potential dropout effects in EYHS-II. Participants in both EYHS-I and EYHS-II (n=459) were compared with dropouts who participated only in the EYHS-I (n=678) in relation to baseline physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and socioeconomic and anthropometric characteristics. Bivariate comparisons were performed using chi-square tests and gamma tests for nominal and ordinal data, respectively. Continuous data were compared by t tests and Mann−Whitney tests depending on the distribution. The Bonferroni correction was used to control for multiple hypothesis testing. Multiple logistic regression with backward elimination of variables was applied to study independent effects of variables on the probability of becoming a dropout. Analyses were performed separately for the younger and older age groups. The dropout proportion in EYHS-II was 60%. Subjects from the older age group were less likely to participate in the follow-up study (32% vs. 50%, p<0.001). In bivariate analyses, only maternal education was associated with dropout rates in the younger age group after Bonferroni correction. Males were more likely to drop out in both younger [odds ratio (OR)=1.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 2.96] and older (OR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.54) age groups while basic maternal education was associated with outcome only in the younger group (OR=4.31; 95% CI: 1.78, 2.95) in regression analysis. The Swedish EYHS-II had high dropout rate after EYHS-I, but the dropouts did not differ from the participants in relation to physical activity, physical fitness, and anthropometric indices. Males were more likely to drop out than were females in both age groups. Differential dropout in relation to maternal education was observed in the younger age group.

PurposeGastric cancer has a high incidence and mortality rate in Korea. Despite a growing older population and an increase in the number of older patients with gastric cancer, the older patients are not willing to undergo surgery due to their operative risks. Hence, to determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of gastric cancer surgery for them, we investigate factors influencing the treatment decision.Materials and MethodsBetween January 1996 and December 2005, a total of 1,519 patients were classified into two groups; the younger age group between 41 and 69 years of age, and the older age group of 70 years or older. The analysis conducted included patient characteristics, accompanying disorders, related American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, pathological characteristics and survival rate for each age group.ResultsSignificant differences were found in the ASA grade (P<0.001) and the number of accompanying disorders (P<0.001) between the two groups. The average length of hospital stay after surgery was 14.5 days in the younger age group, and 13.3 days in the older age group (P=0.065). The average survival time was 47.5 months in the younger age group, and 43.2 months in the older age group (P<0.001).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that there was more number of accompanying disorders with a high surgical risk in the older age group. However, there was no significant difference between the older and younger age groups in terms of the incidence of complications, under the given disease conditions and if proper management was provided.