Eteoryctis syngramma (Meyrick). [Distribution map

Phragmanthera incana (Schum), a specie of mistletoe, belonging to the family Loranthaceae, is a hemi-parasitic plant growing on trees in South-Western part of Nigeria. The phytochemical constituents of P. incana from four host trees; Psidium guajava (guava), Cola acuminata (kolanut), Anacardium occidentale (cashew) and Mangifera indica (mango) were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively following standard protocols. The Qualitative screening showed the presence of tannins, anthraquinone, flavonoids, phenols, reducing sugar, cardiac glycosides, terpernoids, saponin and steroids in all the four selected host trees. Quantitative evaluation showed a significantly high (p < 0.05) Phenol and Steroid contents in P. incana from cashew tree when compared with P. incana from guava, kolanut and mango trees. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in Saponin, Terpernoids and Cardiac glycosides was recorded in P. incana from mango tree when compared with P. incana from cashew, guava and kolanut trees while a significantly high (p < 0.05) reducing sugar was in P. incana from kolanut tree when compared with P. incana leaves from cashew, guava and mango trees. It can be concluded that the plant has immense potential to be used in the area of pharmacology and as a prospective target for drug formulation. Key Words: Phytochemicals, Phragmanthera incana, Mistletoes, Hemi-parasitic plants

Rapid population growth challenges developing nations. Mango (Mangifera indica) and Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) leaves, known for antimalarial effects, demonstrate spermicidal potential, suggesting natural fertility control options amid rising reproductive health concerns and limited access to conventional contraceptives. Hence, this study looked into the in vitro potential of the aqueous extracts of M. indica and A. occidentale leaves on sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology. The extracts were prepared by dissolving 0.5 g of the dried leaf powder in 100 mL of distilled water. The aqueous extracts of the herbs (10 μL) were added directly to 10 μL of sperm suspension of the sperm collected from adult male albino rats. The spermicidal effects of the extracts were observed using a microscope and compared to those of normal control sperm at the same volume ratio. The results showed that Mangifera indica significantly reduced sperm concentration and sperm motility, with p-values of p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively. Anacardium occidentale leaves extracts significantly (p < 0.01) reduced sperm motility, with both extracts exerting varying effects on sperm morphology. Findings from this study revealed that Mangifera indica and Anacardium occidentale leaf extracts not only reduced sperm concentration and motility but also induced morphological abnormalities in spermatozoa (Head, neck, and tail sperm defects) when compared to the normal control sperm. This indicates that the studied leaves exhibit spermicidal effects, highlighting their potential use as natural agents for male fertility control.

<p><strong>Background. </strong>In the Pacific region of the central provinces of Panama, cashew (<em>Anacardium occidentale</em> L.) and mango (<em>Mangifera indica</em> L.) trees in residential and commercial patios are used to obtain fruits that complement the Panamanian population diet. However, mites and the damage associated with them are poorly known in this country. The importance of knowing the mites associated with these fruit trees lies in understanding the interactions of the functional groups of mites present, especially phytophagous and predatory mites, which can significantly impact the development of these fruit trees. <strong>Objective. </strong>To identify mites associated with mango and cashew in the Pacific region of the central provinces of Panama. <strong>Methodology. </strong>Sampling was made in the provinces of Coclé, Herrera, Los Santos, and Veraguas. Three locations per province were sampled, for a total of 12 locations per fruit tree, between June 2022 and December 2023. Leaf litter near the base of the stem, foliage of the middle part and crown of the trees were collected. The specimens of mites associated with fruit trees, province, date, stratum within the plant, feeding habit, and morphospecies identification were recorded.<strong> Results. </strong>A total of 1807 mite specimens were captured, of which 55 % (999 specimens) were in mango and 45 % (808 specimens) in cashew. Morphospecies of mites were identified within the strata of mango and cashew plants. Among the phytophagous species distinguished <em>Brevipalpus yothersi </em>Baker,<em> Oligonychus </em>sp.<em>, Cisaberoptus kenyae </em>Keifer, and <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> Koch. <strong>Implications.</strong> This research involves the importance of knowing the diversity of mites within various strata of plants. <strong>Conclusions. </strong>In the region of the central provinces of Panama, the presence of a diversity of species of phytophagous, predatory, fungivorous, and detritivorous mites was determined within the agroecosystem offered by the strata of mango and cashew trees.</p>

The study assessed the biochemical parameters, sensitivity and tolerance levels to air pollution of the leaves of selected tree species along major roads in Ile-Ife in order to determine the tree species that will be most suitable in developing greenbelts along roadsides. The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) ranged from 8.5 to 13.9 for the entire tree species studied with Gmelina arborea, Polyalthia longifolia, Mangifera indica, Terminalia catappa and Tectona grandis having the highest during the wet season, and Polyalthia longifolia with the APTI in the dry season. Newbouldia laevis, Spondias mombin, Gliricidia sepium, Senna siamea, Psidium guajava and Anacardium occidentale, Albizia zygia were classified as tree species sensitive to air pollution during both dry and wet seasons. With reference to the API grading, Mangifera indica, Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea with percentage grading of 62.5% were classified as 'good' greenbelt performers. Anacardium occidentale, Terminalia catappa, Spondias mombin, Newbouldia laevis, Senna siamea, Polyalthia longifolia with percentage grading of 56.25%, each, were classified as 'moderate' performers while Gliricidia sepium (50%), Psidium guajava (50%) and Albizia zygia (43.75%) were classified as 'poor' performers for bio-indicators of air pollution. The study concluded that Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis and Mangifera indica were good biomonitors for greenbelt development.

Air pollutant concentration of Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, exceeded the limits of National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards, according to a study conducted in 2015 by NATPAC. These polluted corridors harbour vegetation on roadsides and traffic islands, planted solely for aesthetic appeal. Analysis of air pollution tolerance levels of existing plants can act as a scientific basis for efficient planning of the urban landscape. Sixty-seven species, including flowering, fruit-bearing, ornamental, shade-providing and timber-yielding species, were screened for their relative resistance to air pollution. Based on leaf pH, relative water content, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid levels, the Air Pollution Tolerance Indices (APTI) of each species were formulated and they were grouped into the following: tolerant, moderately tolerant, intermediate and sensitive groups. Agave americana (18.40), Cassia roxburghii (17.63), Anacardium occidentale (11.97), Cassia fistula (11.60), Mangifera indica (11.59) and Saraca asoca (10.88) may be considered for planting near green spaces like roundabouts and near pollution prone industrial areas, as they belong to tolerant category. Comparison of APTI during summer and monsoon also revealed the stability of Agave americana, Saraca asoca, Ficus benghalensis, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Ficus elastica, Ixora finlaysoniana, Mangifera indica, Canna indica and Delonix regia in maintaining pollution tolerance even during water disparity. Agave americana, Anacardium occidentale, Ficus elastica, Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini, Ficus benghalensis, Nerium oleander and Ficus benjamina were found to be suited for mass planting, as was evident from their Anticipated Performance Indices (API).

In an attempt to contribute to environmental pollution control measures, relative tolerance of six selected tree species namely; Anacardium occidentale, Azadiracta indica, Cassia angustifolia, Eucalyptus spp, Khaya senegalensis, Mangifera indica from three selected locations of high, moderate, and low pollution rate in Maiduguri City was determined. The plants were selected based on their relative abundance in the locations. The Ascorbic acid content (AAC), pH, Relative water content (RWC), Total chlorophyll content and Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) was evaluated based on the measured physiological and biochemical parameters. The study revealed that Mangifera indica (30.02) and Anacardium occidentale (29.65) are tolerant species, Khaya senegalensis(28.61) Azadiracta indica(28.23) and Eucalyptus spp(24.10) are intermediate and Cassia angustifolia(25.129) is sensitive. Therefore these tree species could be used as bio indicators in pollution monitoring.

The study was carried out to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of mango (Mangifera indica) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) leaves extracts against nine fish pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus substillis, Samonella typhi, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus iniae, Aeromonas hydrophila and Aspergillus niger using pour plate method. Phytochemical screening and minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of mango and cashew leaves were determined using standard methods. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at P = 0.05. The results of antimicrobial properties revealed that both plants extracts showed antimicrobial properties. However, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of mango leaves exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities against all the pathogens investigated. No antimicrobial properties were recorded in the negative control (distilled water) and no antimicrobial activities were recorded for Streptococcus iniae and Aspergillus niger in erythromycin (50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml) which serve as the positive control. The phytochemical screening for metabolites indicated the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, phenols and protein while flavonoids and steroids were not detected in both plants. The minimum inhibitory concentration of methanolic extracts of mango and cashew leaves is 1000 µg/ml and minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic extracts of mango and cashew leaves is 500 µg/ml. The results indicate the possibility of using mango and cashew leaves extracts in the treatment of microbial infections in fishes.Keywords: Fish diseases, Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale, Antimicrobial, Phytochemical screening

The present investigation was made to study the ripening behavior of climacteric fruit of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and a non–climacteric fruit of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) The different stages of fruit namely immature, mature, quarter ripen, half ripen, full ripen and over ripen were used for various analyses with pericarp tissues of mango and cashew apple fruits. Physio–Chemical parameters such as fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH. The fruit firmness and titratable acidity high at immature stage and low in over ripen stage. On the other hand, Total Soluble Solids and PH low at immature stage and high in over ripen stage.

Lethal response of the dengue vectors to the plant extracts from family Anacardiaceae

Introduction: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important tree crop and seedling survival is pertinent to successful establishment. Cashew seedling is infected by blight pathogens causing more than 60% seedling lost, however pesticides residues related issues and high cost of chemical necessitate efficacy trials of aqueous extracts of Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica and Hyphtis suaveolens evaluated in-vitro on associated pathogens. Methods: Flora of blight-infected cashew seedlings was randomly collected from Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) nursery between July and October, 2019. Mycoflora analysis was carried out in the plant pathology (Mycology) laboratory of CRIN. Antifungal assay of powdered Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica and Hyphtis suaveolens were screened using aqueous extracts at 1:4 (w/v). Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) amended with 1ml of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of the extracts and Mancozeb (synthetic fungicide) as standard, 5mm mycelia mat disc of 10day old each of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium pallidoroseum and Macrophomina sp. were placed at the centre of the amended media in triplicate and incubated 5-7days using complete randomized design (CRD). Mycelia extension inhibition and percentage growth inhibition (R) obtained. Results: Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, F. pallidoroseum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae., Pythium sp., Rhizopus sp., Macrophomina sp. and Rhizotonia sp. were isolated. Fusarium pallidoroseum, L. theobromae and Macrophomina sp. screened with the varied concentrations of botanicals showed reduction in mycelia diameter; Mangifera indica (31.50%), A. indica (48.70%) and H. suaveolens (25.86%) on F. pallidoroseum favorably competed with mancozeb (39%) at 25% concentration while only M. indica was significant on L.theobromae(64.12%)and Macrophomina sp.(40.29%) and significantly different from control (0%). Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of M. indica, A. indica and H. suaveolens showed fungicidal potential on F. pallidoroseum and M. indica was significant on L. theobromae and Macrophomina sp.

The aim of the present work was to analyze the molecular methods in the differentiation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates obtained from the cashew and mango trees. The different molecular taxonomic methods used proved to be efficient regarding intraspecific characterization. Similarly, molecular methods also proved to be efficient in differentiation of the C. gloeosporioides isolates in relation to host specificity. In the analysis of the ITS sequence of the ribosomal DNA, all the isolates amplified with the CgInt and ITS4 primers, confirming that they pertained to C. gloeosporioides. The results from this study suggested that methods based on the pathogenicity, isozyme analysis and RAPD were effective in differentiating C. gloeosporioides isolates from the cashew and mango trees.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tree of the family Anacardiaceae, native to southern Asia, widely cultivated in tropical countries for its fruit, the mango. The mango production has achieved worldwide usefulness as a fruit, a medicinal use and a economic importance. Despite the importance of Mangifera indica L. Senegal is facing to the loss of the mango productivity and the decline of mango tree diversity. It is therefore important to improve the selection and the genetically improvement of the rootstocks. This study aims to test the germination, growth and development of Mangifera indica L varieties locally known as Diourou, Siera Leone, Pince and Kouloubadaseky on three types of substrates. The substrates used were three potting of forest soil of Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera indica and Khaya senegalensis. Thus, the nuts of the different varieties were sown in sheaths filled with pure potting forest soil from the different substrates (Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera indica and Khaya senegalensis. A germination test and a follow-up of seedlings on different substrates was carried out in the nursery to determine the effect of substrates on growth parameters. The germination dynamics of the three varieties reveals two peaks the first at the 24th day for Diourou and Kouloubadaseky varieties and another the 34th day for the Siera Leone and Pince varieties on all substrates. And the overall germination rate is 63.22% ± 1.88. The results showed that the number of stems per seed depends on the variety but not on the substrates. The Principal Component Analysis showed significative correlations between parameters such as the number of leaves, the height and the diameter at the crown of the stem. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference (P-value˂0.05) between varieties and according to the substrate on the parameters studied. All this information can be basic use for growers when choosing the varieties and type of substrate for mango rootstock production in their nurseries.

A rapid appraisal technique was used to survey fruit trees species in Ifaki-Ekiti, an urban community in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The three major routes in the town and three educational institutions were sampled. Fruit trees within each stratum were identified to species level, counted and recorded. Similarity indices and indices of diversity in the occurrences of the species were determined among the strata. The perceptions of residents on the fruit trees were also determined through the use of a semi- structured questionnaire matrix administered on 20 randomly selected individuals in each of the stratum. Respondents’ indigenous knowledge on the species were determined and recorded. 96 fruit trees individuals belonging to 9 species and 6 families were sampled. The family Anacardiaceae has the highest number of species. The most frequently occurring species along the routes were Carica papaya, Anacardium occidentale, and Citrus sinensis with 12,10 and 8 individuals respectively and for the educational institutions were Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera indica and Carica papaya with 26,17 and 8 individuals respectively. 87% of the respondents were familiar with the cultivation of fruit trees and 67% of respondents were involved in planting of fruit trees in their household environment. Preference was skewed towards planting of fruit trees as food, source of vitamins and source of income. Strategies that could improve fruit tree diversity in the study area were proposed.

Termites cause major economic losses by destroying agricultural crop trees. This study aims to survey the arboreal crop tree termites in Komkom community of Oyigbo in the Niger Delta. The study area was divided into 10 zones and 306 trees were examined for the presence of termite nests, hollow sounds and mud tubes. Samples of termites with its nest, hollow, mud tube and tree cuttings were collected from infested trees using metal spatula, sorted and identified. Approximately 9.5% of the sampled trees had some termite presence as arboreal nests, hollowness or mud tubes. The trees most affected were Gmelina arborea (Gmelina), Dacryodes edulis (Native pear), Persea americana (Avocado), Citrus sinensis (Orange), Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple), Cocos nucifera (Coconut), and Mangifera indica (Mango). The termites identified were Odontotermes oblongatus, Microcerotermes annandalei, Microtermes sp (new), Microcerotermes paracelebensis, Neotermes spp, Glyptotermes kachongensis and Microcerotermes crassus. Eight crop trees - Anacardium occidentale (Cashew), Moringa oleifera (Moringa), Annona muricata (Soursop), Theobroma cacao (Cocoa), Psidium guajava (Guava), Irvingia gabonensis (Bush mango), Syzygium samarangense (Java apple), and Elaeis guineensis (Oil Palm) had no termite infestation in the study area. The result obtained in this study indicates the termite species that are pests of crop trees in the area.

The fruit spot of Mango, a new disease in Taiwan was found at Yu-Ching in 1969, the same disease had reported by Patel in India in 1948. The disease is characterized by appearing crack with clearing exudate at lenticels on fruits about at the 10th day after infection, then turning to deep brown stellate spots with raised and heavy bacterial exudate flows downward. The lesions are 1-5 mm in diameter, 2-3 mm in depth. The leaf lesions are angular, dark brown, water-soaked areas from 1-4 mm in diameter with clearing margin, rough and raised later. In severely affected ones, the most of fruits and leaves are failed down, sometimes the tender branch may infected. The causal bacterium was isolated, it is a aerobic bacterium, rod-shaped 0.4-0.6×0.8-l.7μ in size, Single or short chain, not acid-fast, without endospore, motile by monotrichous flagellum. Potato-Dextrose Agar colony is circular, white to creamy white with entire margin, smooth, glistening, translucent. No growth in both Uschisky's solution and Cohn's. The temperature range for growth of the bacterium is 8-36℃, the optimum temperature being 28-30℃. The pH range for growth is 4.0-10.0, the optimum being 7.0. Starch and casein are hydrolyzed, nitrates are not reduced except Fs 33, gelatin is liquefied, Litmus is reduced, no indole is produced, hydrogen sulfide is produced. Acid but no gas is produced from glucose, saccharose, starch, Trehalose, Dsxtrin, D-Galactose, D-Xylose, Raffinose, Grycerin, D-Mannitol and Sorbitol, no acid and gas are produced from L-Arabinose, Lactose, Maltose, Inulin, L-Rhamnose, D-Mannose and Salicin. The causal bacterium affects Mangifera indica L. but does not infects Anacardiuinm occidentale L. (Cashew nut).