Estrous cycle patterns of Sprague-Dawley rats during acute and chronic atrazine administration

Abstract

An increased incidence or earlier onset of mammary tumors (MT) has been associated with lifetime feeding of atrazine, an agricultural herbicide, to Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats. Because MT occur spontaneously in this strain, along with episodes of persistent estrus and acyclic estrogen secretion, it was proposed that atrazine may act to promote this process. SD female rats, 7 to 8 wks old, were administered atrazine while vaginal cytology was monitored. At 200 mg/kg/d by gavage, which clearly exceeded the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), the predominant early response was prolonged vaginal diestrus. Persistent estrous episodes were seen, but less commonly. When atrazine was added to the diet, there was likewise an initial appearance of prolonged diestrus at 400 ppm, but by 13 to 14 wks on test (20 to 21 wks of age), persistent estrus was predominant, rising to >50% of animals by 26 wks on test. Age-matched controls also displayed persistent estrus, but to a lesser degree. At 400 ppm atrazine for 6 mo, animals displayed vaginal estrus for a mean of 62.8% of all days, versus 47.3% in age-matched controls, and 20 to 25% in young animals. The 400 ppm dose also exceeded the MTD. Observed no-effect levels for estrous cycling and body weight change were 50 ppm. Significant effects on estrous cycling occurred only at levels previously associated with enhanced or premature MT formation, and suggest that the tumor response in aging SD female rats can be manipulated by factors controlling the internal estrogen milieu. Because atrazine has no intrinsic estrogenic activity, it is more likely that high-level dosing to a susceptible animal model alters control of ovulation and normal cycling. The requirement of excessive dosing levels, as well as differences in neuroendocrine senescence, makes a risk to human health from this mode of action essentially nonexistent.