Estrategia de Pago a Proveedores de Pesquería Artesanal de Jaiba en el Departamento Del Magdalena

Since their inception, Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (BSAI) crab fisheries have attracted participants willing to undertake great financial and personal risks to participate in these high valued fisheries. Although entry to the fisheries is limited, excess capital and overcapacity, together with stock declines, have resulted in a race for fish. The shortest season is in the Bristol Bay red king crab fishery, which has been prosecuted for less than one week in recent years. Efforts of managers to protect declining stocks by reducing allowable catch have increased the economic stress on participants and communities that depend on these fisheries and increased pressure on participants to take greater risks. For several years, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council worked with participants to address these problems in the crab fisheries through series of working groups and management measures. In 2001, Congress stepped in, directing the Council to assess various rationalization programs for the fisheries, including individual fishing quotas (IFQs), processor shares, cooperatives, and quotas held by communities. The outcome of the Council process is a new and unique management program selected by a unanimous vote of the North Pacific Council. The program reflects the Council's desire to accommodate the interests of several groups dependent on these fisheries-vessel owners, processors, captains and crew, and communities. Under the program, harvest quota shares (QS) will be issued to vessel owners and captains. Processors will be issued processing quota shares. Under these allocations, 90 percent of harvest quota shares are designated for delivery to holders of processing quota shares. Community interests are protected by a requirement that a certain portion of the catch be landed and processed in designated regions. An arbitration program is included to resolve price disputes, which could arise because of the constraints on markets created by the dual share allocations. The result of the Council's action is one of the most complex fishery management programs to date. The attempt to satisfy many interests creates significant hurdles that must be overcome for the program to succeed economically and environmentally. This paper describes key dimensions of the proposed crab fishery management program and identifies the most substantial hurdles that the program must overcome for the Council to judge it a successful management program for the fisheries. First, managers will be challenged by program implementation. Implementation will require initial allocations of harvesting shares to vessel owners and captains and processing shares to processors. Most shares will be regionally designated based on the participant's landings history. Second, managers will face the challenge of protecting stocks as the incentives to high grade increase in the share-based fishery. Third, the markets for the harvest shares, captains shares, and processing shares must develop in a manner that facilitates coordination of harvesting and processing activity required by the share system and the regional landing and processing requirements. Lastly, market opportunities for harvest landings will be constrained by the requirement that deliveries be made to a processing share holder in a designated region. For the program to be considered a success, price formation in the market for landings must be perceived as fair. Each of these issues is described in a manner that provides the reader with a perspective of the institutional challenges faced by a program that attempts to address the concerns of several different interests. In addition, characteristics of the fisheries that contribute to the potential to overcome these obstacles are discussed.

The radical change in the quality of the processed meat raw materials, which does not meet the standards, calls for the necessity to apply biotechnology methods in order to improve the quality and obtain high nutritional and biological value of manufactured products in compliance with the requirements set for functional food. The use of starter cultures to perform biomodification of cattle by-products makes it possible to provide the rationale for the use of low-value secondary meat raw materials in order to expand the manufacturing range and increase the economic efficiency of meat-processing plants. This article aims to, first, review the approaches towards the development of new forms of biologically complete and environmentally safe sources of raw materials to increase the economic efficiency and reduce costs at meat-processing plants of the agro-industrial complex of the Central Black Earth region and, second, to substantiate the selection and purposefully apply bifidobacteria as part of the consortium for biotransformation of proteins of the rumen of farm animals. As a result of the research, the technology of rumen modification was suggested aimed at its further use as part of meat products, primarily, minced convenience meat products. The article data can be used to develop manufacturing formulas at meat-processing plants and also be useful for process engineers and scientists working in the food industry.

В статті досліджується стан сировинного забезпечення м’ясопереробних підприємств України. Звертається увага на те, що аграрна криза в багатьох випадках зумовила розриви господарських зв’язків між сільськогосподарськими та промисловими товаровиробниками ‒ аграрії, які вирощують худобу, зменшили рівень співпрацювати із промисловими підприємствами, збуваючи свою продукцію альтернативними каналами. Натомість, м’ясопереробні заводи намагаються вирішити свої сировинні проблеми за рахунок імпорту відповідної продукції. Робиться припущення, що вітчизняна м’ясопереробна промисловість розглядає імпорт тваринницької сировини, як незалежний від ситуації на внутрішньому ринку, канал постачання. На основі проведеного аналізу робиться висновок, що такий підхід несе в собі великі бізнес-ризики ‒ він не дозволяє здійснювати довгострокове (стратегічне) планування і може спровокувати збитки, банкрутства. Головними причинами цього є відносно високий рівень волатильності динаміки абсолютних обсягів відповідного імпорту та шокове зростання цін імпортної продукції внаслідок курсової нестабільності (девальвації). Робиться висновок, що умовою стабільного розвитку вітчизняної м’ясопереробної промисловості є відновлення організаційно-економічних зв’язків промислових та сільськогосподарських підприємств на довгостроковій основі.

The study evaluates the economic performance of small-scale crab fishery operations in terms of economic indicators and success performance during 2009 and 2010 fishing season in five lagoon systems in Lagos state. The objectives of the study were to state economic viability of the crab fishing activity and to identify factors influencing the cost structure. Initial analysis reveals that a large variation in cost structure exists in the crab fishing in Lagos lagoon. Economic results of the study showed that small-scale crab fishing have a positive net profit and fully recover their costs, with no losses. The net cash flow, economic and financial performance of the crab fishers was very satisfactory. The result shows that increasing catch decreases costs implying that scale and improving efficiency is key to reducing cost. Key words: Crab fishery, economic viability, economic performance, returns on capital, Lagos lagoon.

Estimating the Fair Insurance Premium for Dungeness Crab Yields in the Western U.S. Coast

Raw material requirement planning is generally needed by a company to support the production process. Currently, PT. Surya Rengo Containers Semarang, engaged in the manufacture of cardboard box or carton packaging, runs system that conduct raw material requirement planning based on the last month’s usage. Whereas in fact, raw material required doesn’t match the amount of usage in the next month. Lack or excess in the supply of raw materials may delay production process. Excess in raw materials can lead to full storage, where if the raw materials are experiencing a slow movement, may influence the age of the raw material. The raw material requirements planning system’s design aims to help the process of managing raw material needs and improve the accuracy of the reporting requirements to the raw materials management. Fast, precise and accurate information is needed in a computerized planning raw material requirements system. Systems development method uses System Development Life Cycle, with one step that is omitted in the development of this system, namely the maintenance phase / maintenance system. The results of this study is to provide convenience to the staff Production Planning and Inventory Control, in calculating and plotting the purchase of raw materials to be used for the production process within a month. The developed system is expected to create quality improvement in managing and controlling raw material requirements planning.

The workplaces with cold environment were screened from database to investigate (1) a profile, (2) manufacturing process, raw materials and products, (3) state of cold environment, (4) medical examination and (5) cold related symptoms by questionnaire and telephone interview. Extensive workplaces with cold environment were found in aquatic products industry, frozen food processing and meat processing factory, and most of them were located in southern Taiwan. It was found that 38.5% of cold environment exist both cold air exposure and cold touch among the workplace investigated. In addition, 34.6% workplace showed cold air exposure only, and 26.9% were referred to cold touch only. Most of the cold workplaces were found in cold storage warehouse with temperature lower than -18 ℃, and in frozen meat processing industry with temperature ranging between 10 ℃ and 18 °C. The major symptoms or diseases for the workers in the cold environment are coldness of hand or leg (21.1%), numbness of hand or leg (14.1%), respiratory diseases (12.9%) and feeling of tired (10.6%).

Kitchen ware made from aluminum and stainless - steel mostly produced by large corporations branded fraction by micro entrepreneurs. For microentrepreneurs faced many obstacles, among others, capital, market,supply chain of raw materials, human resources and labor. Inventory is one of the problems that continue to disrupt the production and marketing process. This is because the raw material supply chain does not guarantee the availability of raw materials needed. Solving problems of IBM partners mutually agreed , mainly to address thefundamental problem: how to manage the inventory of raw materials and how to manage finances micro-enterprises. Resolving the problem required dihadai various methods such as: is the method through application assistance for the implementation of Material Requirements Planning (MRP) and the method of Supply Chain Management (SCM), as well as training and mentoring management Cash Management and Accounting simple, and sharing the cost ofprocurement of production equipment in accordance the availability of funds. The end result of this activity is that the use of methods MRP and SCM method does not match the scale of the industry's only business partner households , adjustment method implementation is done by building long-term contracts with suppliers ofraw materials, raw material quality standards will be guaranteed by long-term contracts with supplier of raw materials, and there needs to be built from the Department of Trade and Industry District Jember.

PT . Gajah Tunggal Tbk . is a company producing automobile and motorcycle tires . In conducting one-time production per day to produce 1000 units for each product . Therefore, raw material or material factors are very important to support these production activities . The process of procurement and supervision of raw materials i s an activity to meet the needs of raw materials and supervise the use of the material . PT . Gajah Tunggal Tbk . does not have a good system using information technology equipment for the procurement process and supervision of raw material . For the procurement of raw materials , they are still using telephone and fax , but not an integrated system between companies and suppliers . For the regulatory process of raw materials is still using the file system . Of the existing problems, the researchers designed an application for solving problems and monitoring the procurement process of raw materials or materials with building e - procurement system . E - procurement system was developed using programming language PHP with MySQL as the database . System development method used is the System Development Life Cycle ( SDLC) waterfall -based strategy and Microsoft Visio 2003 as editor of its system design . Expectation for e-procurement system is the process of procurement of raw materials become more effective and efficient , because e - procurement system integrating companies and suppliers to facilitate the process of procurement of raw materials or materials . As for process control of raw materials , e - procurement is expected to be able to supervise the use of raw materials , so that the supply of raw materials’s company is maintained. Keywords: PT. Gajah Tunggal Tbk, Procurement, Supervision, E-Procurement, and Supplier

The study investigates the mating behavior and broodstock development of commercially important crab, Portunus sanguinolentus. In first experimental setup two different sized hard shell males (85g and 110g) and a soft shell female (85g) was stocked in a tank. The female crab avoided the small crab and accepted the bigger crab for its aggressive interaction and eventually successful mating was happened. In second experimental setup two same sized males (100g) in which one male had one chelate and another one with two chelae stocked with a soft shell female (95g). The female always readily accepted to mate with two chelate male than single chelate male. The breeding behaviour encompassing 3 phases viz., contact, cradle carry position and mating were described in detail. Finally the fertilized eggs were deposited in the abdomen of the female. The berried females were maintained in the laboratory until the eggs hatched into I zoeae. The crab fishery in India is fast developing and there is a vast scope for the crab meat both national and international markets. To start year round seed production the availability of berried females throughout the year is essential.

PT. Toba Surimi Industries is a company that operated in sea product processing and export. One of exported product is processed and frozen pasteurized small crab. The small crab is important raw material for company as a determining factor of the production process and selling. The obstacle faced by PT. Toba Surimi Industries in supply of raw material is the scarce of crab as seasonal product and depend on the supplier. Therefore, PT. Toba Surimi Industries buys the crab in big volume that causes the number of inventory over than the required material. This condition causes the higher of investment in inventory. Based on this condition, the problem formulation are (1) What the raw material inventory planning and control of the small crab by PT. Toba Surimi Industries, (2) How the company do the raw material inventory planning and control in order to avoid over or under inventory level. The objective of this research are (1) to study the raw material inventory planning and control of small crab applied by company, (2) to design effective inventory planning and control to avoid the over or under raw material inventory. Based on the estimation of export volume of small crab using Montecarlo simulation method, the company can use it as input to predict the future selling volume and to determine the required raw material.

A company should maintain an adequate or optimal level of inventory so that production operations can run smoothly and efficiently. What needs to be considered in this case is that the required raw materials are always available, so as to guarantee the smooth production process. However, the amount of inventory should not be too much because this will harm the company. Too much inventory will increase maintenance costs and storage costs in the warehouse. In addition, the amount of inventory that is too much can also increase the likelihood of losses due to damage and loss of quality that can reduce company profits. And vice versa, the amount of inventory that is too small will hamper the production process so that the company will suffer a lot of losses including: the machine does not work as it should, many workers are unemployed, and can even result in the cessation of the production process. This study aims to determine how the calculation of raw materials, what is the total cost of raw material inventory if the company establishes an EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) policy, what is the limit or point of ordering raw materials needed by the company during the grace period at PT.Bentoel International Investama in Malang.The population used is the supply of tobacco raw materials at PT. Bentoel International Investama, where this research was conducted by interview and documentation. The variable in this study is the supply of raw materials. The analysis used is the EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) method.The results of the study, if using the EOQ method in 2017 the cost savings of Rp 40,290,256,931, while in 2018 the cost savings of Rp. 44,388,428,549. Thus there is a difference between inventory policies carried out according to the company with EOQ calculations. It can be concluded that the supply of raw materials every year has increased raw materials, the frequency of purchasing raw materials when using raw materials when using the EOQ method is 2 times in one period, the limit for ordering raw materials needed by companies when using the 2017 EOQ method is 218,176.7 kg, while in 2018 it will be 210,853 kg. The total cost of raw material inventory calculated according to EOQ is less than that spent by the company, so there is a cost savings of raw material inventory

The aim of this study is to carry out an initial systematic inventory of crabs in the National Park of Ehotile Island and its adjacent areas located in South East of Cote d’Ivoire in order to contribute to the knowledge of Cote d’Ivoire crabs. The study was conducted on species diversity, including their taxonomic position, morphological characteristics and geographic distributions. Crabs sampling was conducted monthly from January 2018 to March 2019. The fishing gears and technics used to catch crabs were balance crab fishing, traditional crab traps, fixednet, lobster pots, traps for water crabs and manual catch for land crabs. A total of 25 species belonging into 14 genuses and to 7 families were recorded in all sampling areas. Among these species, five (Cardisoma sp, Sesarma sp, Sarmatim sp, Goniopsis sp, Uca sp) were unidentified and one (Planes minutus) was identified for the first time in Cote d’Ivoire. The present study conducted for the first time in Cote d’Ivoire, is essential for the good policy of management and of sustainable use of this resource in Ehotile islands and its adjacent areas.

Objective To collect he pollution information of pathogenic bacteria in the production and processing process at a cooked meat product factory in Nanchong and to provide reliable data for the national food risk monitoring and assessment center to make hygienic practices. Methods The raw materials, intermediate products, finished products, final finished products, and environmental samples at the cooked area of a food factory in Nanchong were collected in 2016. The experiment was carried out according to the monitoring manual of prepackaging cooked meat products’ production and processing process and the national current standard method. The positive strains were identified using gram positive and negative identification cards provided by bioMerieux,Inc in VITEK2 compact automatic bacterial biochemical identification instrument. Results Among the 120 samples collected from 5 types of foods, 19 strains of foodborne pathogenic bacteria were isolated and the overall detection rate was 15.8%. The serotypes of Salmonella detected in the whole year were varied, including Kentucky, Sandiego, Cerro, Senftenberg, Warnow, and Bangui. Conclusions In the production and processing process of pot stewed meat, there are many kinds of pathogenic bacteria in the raw materials and environment. The pathogenic bacteria carried in raw materials can be killed though high temperature cooking. However, many pathogenic bacteria are still detected in the environment of cooked meat. These pathogenic bacteria are likely to be brought into the product in the production and processing of workers, causing the product being contaminated in the end. In addition to paying attention to the disinfection and sterilization of products, the production enterprises should also be vigilant against pathogenic bacteria in the environment. To avoid cross-contamination, production enterprises should also pay attention to separating the production process of raw and cooked areas, the equipment, and other products so as to provide a strong guarantee for the final production of qualified products. Key words: Pot stewed meat; Production and processing process; Pathogenic bacteria; Salmonella

This chapter begins by defining the exchange of products manufactured in the towns for agricultural produce and raw materials as 'the great commerce of every civilized society'. The supply of mineral raw materials forms an interesting contrast with the supply of vegetable and animal raw materials. The cotton industry has attracted more attention than any other in discussions of the Industrial Revolution, and since it grew vastly while continuing to use a vegetable raw material. Cotton has for long been treated as the type par excellence of the new manufacturing industry, the lead-off industry in the take-off into sustained industrial growth. The importance of the changes in raw material supply and in the transport system can be illustrated from the writings of the economists of the period as well as traced in the narrative economic history, especially in the discussions of the limits of economic growth.