Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from solid waste management and wastewater treatment in the Nizam Zachman Fishery Port, Jakarta, Indonesia

Landfilling is the most applied solid waste management method in developing countries, which leads to a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is thus imperative to develop strategies for evaluating different economically viable waste management scenarios to mitigate GHG emissions. According to the Paris Agreement, Kazakhstan planned to decrease GHG emissions by 25% by 2050 as compared to 1990 levels, while reaching carbon neutrality by 2060. In this context, we herein propose four different scenarios for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment and three scenarios for sewage sludge (SS) treatment with the aim of evaluating the GHG potential for Astana, the capital city of Kazakhstan, using the (solid waste management) SWM-GHG calculator developed by the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. The MSW treatment scenarios include: (A) 15% recycling of secondary materials and 85% landfilling of remaining MSW; (B) 30% recycling of secondary materials; 70% sanitary landfilling with biogas collection; (C) 30% recycling and 70% biological stabilization and landfilling without biogas collection; and (D) 30% recycling, 20% composting, and 50% (waste-to-energy) WtE incineration. The sewage sludge management scenarios include (1) 100% landfilling; (2) 100% WtE incineration; and (3) co-incineration of sewage sludge and coal. The results reveal that more complex scenarios lead to extensive ecological benefits; however, there are economic constraints. Based on the analysis of the proposed scenarios, we recommend the optimal strategy for MSW treatment to be 30% recycling with biological stabilization that has a total cost of EUR 16.7 million/year and overall GHG emissions of −120 kt of CO2 eq/year. In terms of sewage sludge management, the addition of coal to sewage sludge simplifies the combustion process due to the higher heat capacity. Considering lower cost and higher energy recovery, it is recommended as a favorable process.

Chapter 12 - Life-cycle assessment for solid waste and waste water treatment

Chapter 12 - Solid Waste Treatment: Technological Advancements and Challenges

Today, the increasing of solid waste generation became the major issue in Malaysia due to high population growth. The greenhouse emission and high energy consumption resulted from improper management of solid waste have caused a significant effect on the inhabitants and the environment. Hence, it is necessary to develop an integrated solid waste management plan to combat this problem. The challenges are to educate the communities in managing their own waste in a good manner. Recycling awareness among society should also be emphasized to ensure that waste generated can be properly managed. This paper focused on the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and energy consumption of municipal solid waste management. The aim of this research is to estimate the income generated from recycling activities from the municipal authority in Shah Alam and Klang district in Selangor. The analysis was done using waste reduction model (WARM) created by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), United States. The results indicated that the GHG emission that can be reduced by the Klang authority was 3,024.20 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCO2E) compared to 2,577.80 MTCO2E for Shah Alam authority. The same result has been obtained for the energy emission which indicated the highest saving was 824.90 metric tons of coal equivalents (MTCE) by the Klang authority. However, the Shah Alam authority can only save the amount of 702.80 MTCE. The total incremental of energy used generated by WARM showed that Klang authority can save 23,290.20 million British thermal unit (MBTU) compared to Shah Alam authority of 19,862.80 MBTU. The percentage difference between the Klang authority and the Shah Alam authority in the GHG and energy emission reduction was approximately 14.80%. The total income from recyclable materials for Klang and Shah Alam authority was obtained as RM 918, 638.16. The estimation of GHG emission from both Klang and Shah Alam authority was depending on the solid waste generated and disposal method. In terms of GHG emission, waste separation includes recycling activities could reduce the GHG emission, less air pollution and more environmentally friendly.

Abstract. Conferences, meetings and congresses are an important part of today's economic and scientific world. But the environmental impact, especially from greenhouse gas emissions associated with travel, can be extensive. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions account for the warming of the atmosphere and oceans. This study draws on the need to quantify and reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with travel activities and aims to give suggestions for organizers and participants on possible ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, demonstrated on the example of the European Geography Association (EGEA) Annual Congress 2013 in Wasilkow, Poland. The lack of a comprehensive methodology for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from travel led to an outline of a methodology that uses geographic information systems (GIS) to calculate travel distances. The calculation of travel distances in GIS is adapted from actual transportation infrastructure, derived from the open-source platform OpenStreetMap. The methodology also aims to assess the possibilities to reduce GHG emissions by choosing different means of transportation and a more central conference location. The results of the participants of the EGEA congress, who shared their travel data for this study, show that the total travel distance adds up to 238 000 km, with average travel distance of 2429 km per participant. The travel activities of the participants in the study result in total GHG emissions of 39 300 kg CO2-eq including both outward and return trip. On average a participant caused GHG emissions of 401 kg CO2-eq. In addition, the analysis of the travel data showed differences in travel behaviour depending on the distance between conference site and point of origin. The findings on travel behaviour have then been used to give an estimation of total greenhouse gas emissions from travel for all participants of the conference, which result in a total amount of 79 711 kg CO2-eq. The potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by substituting short flights with train rides and car rides with bus and train rides is limited. Only 6 % of greenhouse gas emissions could be saved by applying these measures. Further considerable savings could only be made by substituting longer flights (32.6 %) or choosing a more central conference location (26.3 %).

Municipal waste production in Indonesia is rapidly increasing due to population growth and economic development, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This research aims to develop effective waste management scenarios for Pekanbaru City, focusing on reducing GHG emissions through integrated treatment methods. Employing a comprehensive methodology, the study estimates GHG emissions from various waste management practices, including biological, thermal, and mixed methods. The research utilizes a basic model to calculate emissions based on activity data and emission factors, exploring current practices and innovative strategies like Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae for organic waste treatment. Findings reveal that the Mix scenario, which combines multiple waste management processes, results in the most significant reduction of GHG emissions, achieving a net emission of 112,985.89 tons of CO?-eq/year, compared to the existing scenario with 637,864.33 tons of CO?-eq/year. The study identifies key emission hotspots, emphasizing the need for improved management of organic waste through composting and recycling. The implications of this research highlight the importance of adopting integrated waste management strategies to mitigate GHG emissions effectively. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, promoting sustainable practices aligned with the 3R hierarchy (reduce, reuse, recycle) and supporting targeted interventions that can enhance environmental sustainability in urban settings.

A procedure for estimating Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a wastewater reclamation plant in Beijing was developed based on the process chain model. GHG emissions under two typical water reclamation treatment processes, the coagulation-sedimentation-filtration traditional process and advanced biological treatment process, were examined. The total on-site GHG emissions were estimated to be 0.0056 kg/m3 and 0.6765 kg/m3 respectively, while total off-site GHG emissions were estimated to be 0.3699 kg/m3 and 0.4816 kg/m3. The overall GHG emissions were 0.3755 kg/m3 under the type 1 treatment, which is much lower than that under the type 2 of 1.1581 kg/m3. Emissions from both processes were lower than that from the tap water production. Wastewater reclamation and reuse should be promoted as it not only saves the water resources but also can reduce the GHG emissions. Energy consumption was the most significant source of GHG emissions. Biogas recovery should be employed as it can significantly reduce the GHG emissions, especially under the type 2 treatment process. Considering the wastewater treatment and reclamation process as a whole, the type 2 treatment process has advantages in reducing the GHG emissions per unit of pollutant. This paper provides scientific basis for decision making.

Thermophilic biological fluidized bed reactor in sludge line reduces greenhouse gas emissions in wastewater treatment system

Effect of co-managing organic waste using municipal wastewater and solid waste treatment systems in megacities

This study analyzed greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that uses a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes and estimated the emissions generated from treatment of oil-rich wastewater from a locomotive repair factory in China. The WWTP produces 526.8 t CO2-equivalent/a corresponding to 4.3 t CO2-equivalent/t oil removed. The combustion of fossil fuels for onsite energy generation is the major source of GHG, accounting for 79.7% of overall emissions. Use of chemicals for metal cleaning, flocculation, and pH control accounts for 13.4% emissions; anaerobic digestion accounts for 3.8% emissions; and the transport of solid waste and subsequent generation of landfill biogas account for 3.1% emissions. Theoretical analysis of various process design alternatives demonstrated that the recovery of biogas produced during anaerobic sludge digestion and its use as fuel reduces the emissions of GHG by 93.9 t CO2-equivalent/a, which is 15.1% of the overall emissions of the treatment plant. The use of aerobic digestion instead of anaerobic digestion in this plant did not significantly effect GHG emissions. Using anaerobic digestion for sludge treatment and releasing the generated CH4 into the atmosphere without further flaring or recovery increased GHG emissions the greatest. The reuse of waste oil and proper management of solid waste are recommended as effective ways of reducing GHG emissions.

Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from Iran's domestic wastewater sector and modeling the emission scenarios by 2030

Hazardous waste: Detection, control, treatment (parts A & B): Proceedings of the World Conference on Hazardous Waste, Budapest, Hungary, October 25–31, 1987. R. Abbou (Editor), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988, 1838 pp. (set) (ISBN 0-444-42988-3, Dfl. 875.00)

Low-carbon competitiveness of cities in solid waste disposal systems: Spatial and temporal variations in greenhouse gas emissions in the Yangtze River Delta.

Impact of GHG mitigation measures in sanitation service chains: A focus on septic tanks and sewers.

Improper treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) and continuous increase in waste generation in India has increased greenhouse emissions as well as other pollutant emissions. In the present study, we analyse greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MSW management sector in India. We calculate GHG emissions for different treatment processes and then analyse the GHG emissions for waste management scenarios which reflect recycling, biological treatment and waste-to-energy (WtE). Our results show that annual GHG (CO2-eq) emissions from urban MSW management in India is ~38 million tonnes/year out of which 94% is from open dumping alone. Increasing recycling to 50% from the current rate of 17.5% could reduce the GHG emissions by 17%. Similarly increasing biological treatment process, such as composting and anaerobic digestion, of biodegradable waste to 50% could reduce the GHG emissions by 12%.