ESTIMASI HILANGNYA CADANGAN KARBON DARI PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI KABUPATEN BOGOR

One of the primary sectors that contributes to green house gas emissions is land use changes. Bogor Regency is one of the districts close to the capital city and industrial areas so that the intensity of land use changes are very dynamic. This study aims to determine the dynamics of land use changes and CO2-eq emissions from land use change in 2000 to 2014 in Bogor. In the period 2000-2014 the most land undergone many changes occur in mixed garden, cropland, open land and shrub that converted turned into settlement with a total amounted to 11.12% of the total area, while the CO2-eq emissions in 2005-2009 increased approximately six times the emissions from 2000-2005 in the amount of 681 006.94 tons of CO2-eq per year. Keywords: green house gas emission, land use change, CO2-eq emissions

Distinguishing the impacts of land use change in intensity and type on ecosystem services trade-offs

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is becoming one of the most important and interesting problems in the study of global environmental change. Identifying the spatiotemporal behavior and associated driving forces behind changes in land use is crucial for the regional sustainable utilization of land resources. In this study, we consider the four municipalities of China (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing) and compare their spatiotemporal changes in land use from 1990 to 2015 by employing intensity analysis and barycenter migration models. We then discuss their driving forces. The results show that the largest reduction and increase variations were mainly concentrated in arable and construction land, respectively. The decrement and increment were the largest in Shanghai, followed by Beijing and Tianjin, and the least in Chongqing. Furthermore, the results of the barycenter migration model indicate that in addition to Beijing, the migration distances of construction land were longer than those of arable land in three other cities. Moreover, the application of intensity analysis revealed that the rate of land use change was also the greatest in Shanghai and the slowest in Chongqing during the whole study period, with all of their arable land being mainly transformed into construction land. The driving force analysis results suggest that the spatial and temporal patterns of land use change were the results of the socio-economic development, national policies, and major events. In other words, where there was a high rate of economic and population growth, the intensity of land use change was relatively large.

Evaluation of forest ecosystem services in Mediterranean areas. A regional case study in South Spain

SUMMARYA cropping system is the consequence of environmental and socio-economic conditions that determine the intensity of agricultural land use. Accurate information on regional land use intensity and changes in land use intensity is important for food security and sustainable resource management in China. Therefore, a better understanding of the spatial and temporal changes in arable land use intensity (ALUI) based on the cropping system used is essential to comprehend the changes in land use and the sustainability of the food system. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the spatial difference in ALUI and how it has changed in China by comparing data on cropping systems from 1985 and 2005. The basic cropping system data were acquired from the 1985 reference book and the 2005 national land use investigation. The ALUI was defined by the application of inputs (irrigation water and fertilizer) to arable land and the duration of disturbances (the duration of cultivation and the frequency of cropping), and it was calculated using the information entropy approach at the cropping region scale (cropping region being defined by the geographical and climatic conditions at the beginning of the 1980s). Spatial and temporal changes in the ALUI in China over the past two decades were observed and analysed. The results indicated a clear pattern in ALUI, increasing from the north to the south in 2005. Furthermore, the ALUI significantly increased after the 1980s, but the rate of increase was lower in the south than in the north. The most intensive land use in 1985 was in the area of the lower reach of the Yangtze and Huai Rivers, and it expanded northwards towards the Huang-Huai-Hai plain in 2005. The large increase in intensity in the northern single-cropping regions was strongly associated with a rapid increase in inputs and longer duration of cultivation. Decreases in duration of cultivation and planting area helped slow the ALUI increase in multiple cropping regions, which were concentrated in coastal and economically developed regions where more fertile soil and suitable climates existed, allowing the growth of multiple crops. These results suggested that a decrease in the planting area and a slow increase in the ALUI in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, South China, Southeast China and Northeast China should be of concern, but land use in some western regions should maintain the land production capacity to build sustainable cropping. In the future, it will be necessary to produce more food in a more sustainable way.

<p>Urban Heat Island (UHI), a phenomenon characterized by significantly higher air and land surface temperatures (LSTs) in urban areas than in suburban areas, results in land use change from non-urban to urban land and is accompanied by increases in anthropogenic heat release. A variety of land use contribution indexes have been proposed to quantitatively calculate the impact of land use types on UHI. However, these indexes can only show the impact of specific land use types on UHI. In fact, the area and the intensity (which also can be considered as the average temperature) of land use change jointly determine the regional UHI. The purpose of this paper is to develop an algorithm to quantitatively reveal the influence of the area and the intensity of land use change on regional UHI. MODIS LST products and 1:1,000,000 land use data sets were used to quantitatively calculate the seasonal and interannual contributions of land use change on regional UHI between 2005 and 2018 in China. These results have theoretical and practical significance for further understanding the formation mechanism of urban thermal environment and its mitigation measures.</p>

This paper analyzed major characteristics of land use changes in the Beijing-around region, based on TM(ETM) in 1991 and 2002. On the basis of that, we studied the differences in districts of land use change on county area scale, using intensity, state and trend parameters of land use change. In addition, we investigated the effects of land use change on eco-environment in this region. We found that the area of arable land decreased greatly, with a gradually increasing trend from southeast to northwest from 1991 to 2002. On the other hand, the area of forested land and grassland increased, especially in the northwestern area. The total area of sandy land increased, with a gradually decreasing trend from east to west. Land use change was characterized by low intensity, and the area of net change in each kind type of land use was much more for the most counties in the studied region. From south and north to middle and east to west, the intensity of land use change increased gradually. The degree of single-direction interchange between different land use types decreased gradually from west to east. In recent 10 yr, quality and productivity of land was decreased increasingly in this region. But with the construction of various forest zones by reversing arable land to grassland and forest land, the descent dust amount per yr in Beijing suburban decreased with increase of the area of grassland and forestry land in the Beijing-around region.

Bogor City is located 60 kms from the Indonesian Capital Jakarta and 120 kms from Bandung the capital of West Java Province. Strategic agricultural land and inexpensive land prices have to invest in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Land use conversion is inevitable, although the government has set up the regulation to control land usage (Act No 26 year 2007). This research are conducted: (1) To analyze existing land use of Bogor City (land use in 2014). (2) To analyze the land use change in period of 2005-2012. (3) To analyze the consistency of existing land use compare to spatial allocation in the RTRW of Bogor City. (4) To identify regional development hierarchy levels in Bogor City. (5) To determine factors that influence land use change. This research was started with a land use map that was retrieved from an administrative map 1: 5000 scales to Iconos image of Bogor City in years of 2005 and 2012. Consistency and inconsistency were obtained by overlaying the 2012 land use map and land allocation map of Bogor City years 2011-2031 (RTRW map). PODES is used to determine the regional hierarchy level by multiple regression methods. Existing land use classified into 9 land use, in sequence from the largest one are: mixed garden, irreguler settlement, rice field, reguler settlement, trading area, water body, dryland farm, open land and government office area. Dryland farm land use changes into 2 land use, open field land use change into 6 land use and rice field land use change into 6 land use. The consistent use of the existing land use compare to RTRW is 40.95% while inconsistence existing land use is 59.05%. During the period of 2006 to 2012, most of the regional development hierarchies in Bogor City were relatively constant (42 villages / 61.8%), 12 villages (17.6%) are increasing in the hierarchy, whereas 14 villages (20.6%) are decreasing in the hierarchy. Factors that influencing land use change of Bogor City in the period of 2005-2012 are: the extent of ​​agricultural land in 2005, the growth of social facilities, and the growth of economy facilities. Keywords : Land Use Conversion, Land Use Inconsistency, Regional Hierarchy, Spatial Plan.

Land use changes greatly affect the value of ecosystem services. This study aims to analyse the sensitivity of ecosystem services especially food provisioning, affected by land use changes in Bogor Regency. The method used is visual interpretation and manual digitization of Indonesian Topographic Map (RBI) and the SPOT-7 with a resolution of 1.5 meters. The sensitivity assessment of ecosystem services is carried out through analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The results of the study showed that there was a changing in land use of 8.31% in the period 2000 to 2017. Forests area to be the most significant changes contribute 1.86%. Changes in land use are influenced by regional development and population growth, so that conversion of land use occurs massively at some point. Regulatory and supply functions are the most sensitive elements of ecosystem services to land use changes. Conversion of water catchment area causes a decrease in soil infiltration capacity and triggers erosion. This phenomenon leads to land degradation and natural disasters.

Significant social, economic and political changes of the last 50 years have altered Estonian rural landscapes. The paper analyses changes in land use intensity and landscape patterns in the two main agricultural regions (altogether 267 km) of Hiiumaa, the second largest island of Estonia. The spatial analysis of land use patterns, which was based on decoded aerial photos (ortophoto maps) from 1956 and 1984, the digital Basic Map of Estonia from 1998, fieldworks in 2004/5 and performed in GIS software MapInfo, showed an overall decrease in agricultural land (esp. in account of natural and wooded grasslands) and gradual increase in forested land. The greatest change in land use pattern took place between 1956 and 1984. By 1984, the traditional and extremely diverse patchy mosaic landscape pattern of 1956 had become much more simplified and polarised as a result of collectivisation, land reclamation and wider use of industrial methods in agriculture. Since the beginning of the 1990s remarkable changes in agricultural land use intensity, a sharp decline by the end of the 1990s and a slight revival by 2004/5, have not yet caused any significant changes in landscape patterns.

This study determined pre-conflict, conflict and post-conflict land use change and analysed the impact of armed conflict on the intensity of land use change in northern Nimba County. Landsat images of 1986, 1990, 2002 and 2016 were classified into four dominant land use categories in the study area: cultivation, mine, forest and settlement using maximum likelihood classification algorithm. Land use change was determined by deriving pre-conflict, conflict and post-conflict transition matrix. Based on the transition matrix, gain, loss, persistence, total change, swap and absolute value of net change were computed. Intensity of land use change was determined using the intensity analysis approach. The results show that the intensity of land use change was slow during the conflict but increased sharply after the conflict. Pre-conflict, conflict and post-conflict mine occupied 0.63%, 0.78% and 17.68%, forest cover accounted for 71.08%, 69.26% and 56.42% and settlement was 1.99%, 1.96% and 25.63% respectively. Similarly, pre-conflict, conflict and post-conflict uniform intensity of land use change was 4.09%, 1.51% and 5.01% respectively. Recent forest cover loss is primarily driven by sustained settlement expansion. The implications of rapid post-conflict settlement increase and forest loss in northern Nimba County include threat to habitat in a globally important biodiversity hotspot, increasing pressure on available agricultural land because of increasing population and potential exposure of the population to pollution from increase in mining activities. Therefore, more effective forest management strategies need to be developed to mitigate the prevailing trend. The use of intensity analysis has provided insights on the patterns and processes of pre-conflict, conflict and post-conflict land use change in a biodiversity hotspot. This is important for defining effective conservation goals, planning sustainable conservation strategies and deploying relevant tools for forest conservation and governance in conflict and conflict prone areas.

Quantifying the dynamics of land use change is critical in tackling global societal challenges such as food security, climate change, and biodiversity loss. Here we analyse the dynamics of global land use change at an unprecedented spatial resolution by combining multiple open data streams (remote sensing, reconstructions and statistics) to create the HIstoric Land Dynamics Assessment + (HILDA +). We estimate that land use change has affected almost a third (32%) of the global land area in just six decades (1960-2019) and, thus, is around four times greater in extent than previously estimated from long-term land change assessments. We also identify geographically diverging land use change processes, with afforestation and cropland abandonment in the Global North and deforestation and agricultural expansion in the South. Here, we show that observed phases of accelerating (~1960–2005) and decelerating (2006–2019) land use change can be explained by the effects of global trade on agricultural production.

This paper examined the dynamics of land use changes on the livelihood of the local communities in Baringo County. Land is a principal factor of production, a source of life and livelihoods. It provides a means of living and a variety of uses such as agricultural, human settlement, environmental conservation, urban and industrial development purposes among others. These uses compete for space in a fixed area, hence the rising land use conflicts and degradation. The situation has threatened lives and livelihoods, making it difficult to plan for the livelihood activities in the County. This is happening against the backdrop of land use policy changes including; sessional paper no 3 of 2009 on the National Land Policy, the Constitution of Kenya 2010, the Land Act, 2012, the Land Registration Act, 2012, the Community Land Act, 2016 and sessional paper no 1 of 2017 on National Land Use Policy that were intended to alleviate the situation. This situation is now a major threat to the livelihood of the local communities in Baringo County. This study, therefore, sought to examined the dynamics of land use changes on the livelihood of the local communities in Baringo county with specific objective to establish the drivers of the changes. A comprehensive desk review of existing literature was done, and land use changes were descriptively analyzed. The review spanned from pre-colonial (before 1895), colonial (1895 to 1963), independence (1963 to 2010) including the subsequent years of land reforms following the promulgation of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 onwards to 2020. The study found that the key drivers of land use changes originate from the change of land use policies from customary to European-like systems during the colonial era (1895 to 1963). These drivers revolve around the conflicts in the application of land use policies and laws, dual production system (different land use for registered private land in arable areas and the unregistered community land in non-arable areas within the county) occasioning wide productivity gap and economic disparity. Further the knowledge gaps associated with colonial perceptions, ideologies, and attitudinal practices, which led to misconception and wrong policies aggravated the situation. The consequences disorganize the local community land use and social system, broke down the traditional grazing and cropping patterns, depleted soils fertility & degraded the environment. In addition, the study found out that in the unregistered community land, land use conflicts were rampant, and characterized by invaded and claim interest as well as unscrupulous legal manipulation of land ownership records leading to dispossession. These two salient features are the main drivers of land use changes that led to continuous and frequent fatal inter-ethnic land use conflicts among the local communities; causing displacement and destruction of property among other atrocities working against politically weak local community. This scenario destabilized livelihood possibilities making it difficult for local communities to engage in basic livelihood activities and create uncertainty for future development. The study concluded that the security of land tenure perpetrates land use conflicts particularly in the unregistered community land. The government, therefore, need to register the community land to enhance land tenure security in the county.

ABSTRACTIn this research, the integration of remotely sensed data and Cellular Automata-Markov model (CA-Markov) have been used to analyze the dynamics of land use change and its prediction for the next year. Training phase for the CA-Markov model has been created based on the input pair of land use, which is the result of land use mapping using Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm. Three-map comparison has been used to evaluate process accuracy assessment of the training phase for the CA-Markov model. Furthermore, the simulation phase for the CA-Markov model can be used to predict land use map for the next year. The analyze of the dynamics of land use change and its prediction during the period 1990 to 2050 can be obtained that the land serves as a water absorbent surfaces such as primary forest, secondary forest and the mixed garden area continued to decline. Meanwhile, on build land area that can lead to reduced surface water absorbing tends to increase from year to year. The results of this research can be used as input for the next research, which aims to determine the impact of land use changes in hydrological conditions against flooding in the research area.

This study aims to: 1) analyse the utilization direction of the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) and its influence on land use change in Buntulia Sub-district, Pohuwato Regency; 2) analyse the pattern of land use change in Buntulia Sub-district during the period 2012-2024. This research uses a quantitative descriptive method with a spatial approach through ArcGIS 10.8 software. Data was obtained from overlaying the 2012 and 2024 land use maps and analysing the transition matrix to see the pattern of land use change. The results showed that the implementation of the RTRW direction in Buntulia Sub-district was not optimal. Of the total area of 43,422.71 hectares, 1,877.85 hectares of land use is not in accordance with the RTRW direction. Significant land use change occurred in primary and secondary forest areas that were converted into plantations, mixed agriculture, and open land. Analysis of land use change patterns for the 2012-2024 period revealed an increase in the area of plantations by 231.57 hectares and mixed agriculture by 980.44 hectares, while the area of primary and secondary forests decreased significantly. The conclusion of this study shows that the dynamics of land use change in Buntulia Sub-district are influenced by a lack of compliance with the RTRW, population growth, and economic development pressures. Strengthening spatial planning policies, stricter supervision, and mitigation are needed to minimise the environmental impact of uncontrolled land use change.