Abstract
AbstractTo maximize the production of esters (E), keto (K) and keto‐ester (KE) by esterification and ketalization of levulinic acid (LA) has been reacted using diols such as 1,2‐propane diol (PDOL),1,2‐ethane diol (EDOL), and 1,2,3‐propane triol or glycerol (TRIOL) with desilicated Hβ. This work aims to assess the conversion and selectivity for the production of esters using conventional and microwave‐irradiated (MWI) reactors. Catalysts characterizations were performed using NH3‐temperature programme desorption, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area (BET), Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH), scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and dynamic light scattering. Operating parameters such as reaction temperature (170–180°C), reaction time (20–80 min), feed composition (LA:PDOL/EDOL/TRIOL, 1:8/10/12), and microwave energy (300–500 watt) have been systematically investigated. Note that 99–100% conversion was achieved with the product selectivity of E (40%), K (30%), and KE (30%) with1,2‐EDOL; E (56%), K (2%), and KE (17%) with 1,2‐PDOL; E (69%), K(0%), and KE (22%) with TRIOL using D‐Hβ as a solid catalyst in an MWI reactor. Reaction paths and kinetics were studied using pseudo‐homogeneous (PH) model.
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