Abstract
Although bone possesses a remarkable capacity for self-remodeling and self-healing of small defects, the continuously increasing growth of bone diseases in the elderly population is becoming a significant burden, affecting individual life quality and society. Conventional treatment options involve surgical procedures for repair and reconstruction, local debridement, autografts or allografts, bone transport, Masquelet’s two-stage reconstructions, and vascularized bone transplants. However, as such approaches often lead to disruptions of bone-regeneration processes and microbial contaminations and are often inefficient, researchers focus on developing bone-regenerative strategies and identifying novel therapeutic agents that could aid the bone-healing process. In this regard, plant-derived biocompounds, especially essential oils (EOs), have received great scientific attention in recent years, owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Current studies focus on either the direct application of EOs on bone tissue or the introduction of EOs as bioactive compounds in bone scaffolds or as coatings for bone implants. Some of the EOs investigated involve St. John’s wort, rosemary, thyme, ylang, white poplar, eucalyptus, lavender, and grape seed. In this context, the present paper aims to provide an overview of the main mechanisms involved in bone repair and regeneration and the potential of EOs to address and enhance these mechanisms.
Highlights
Bone is a tissue organized into two main compartments, namely trabecular bone; i.e., cancellous or spongy; and cortical bone, i.e., dense or compact [1,2,3,4]
The present paper aims to provide an overview of the main mechanisms involved in bone repair and regeneration and the potential of essential oils (EOs) to address and enhance these mechanisms
As the intrinsic capacity of self-remodeling and self-healing is insufficient in the case of bone fractures, defects, or trauma, additional treatment is required
Summary
Bone is a tissue organized into two main compartments, namely trabecular bone; i.e., cancellous or spongy; and cortical bone, i.e., dense or compact [1,2,3,4]. As bone is responsible for fulfilling major functions within the body, namely support and locomotion, protection, mineral and bone matrix protein storage, and endocrine energy regulation [22], the subject of bone loss and its subsequent repair is of great importance In this context, a clear understanding of bone loss and the underlying repair mechanisms is essential for developing successful treatment options for traumatic injuries, bone infections, metabolic bone disorders, tumors, and other associated diseases. Essential oils (EOs) are secondary plant metabolites comprising complex mixtures of volatile compounds that exhibit fundamental properties for biomedical applications, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and sedative [31,32,33,34] As they have shown to exhibit inhibitory effects against osteoclast activity, subsequently leading to an increase in bone mineral density [35], EOs could represent a promising candidate for developing therapeutic agents that could promote bone healing and regeneration processes.
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