Esensi Dan Urgensi Pengeluaran Pemerintah Untuk Pembangunan Daerah

An assessment of environmental sustainability corridor: The role of economic expansion and research and development in EU countries

This study tries to look into the connection between economic growth and, taxes, and government spending to understand the role of taxes in the Indonesian economy. The World Bank provides secondary data that we use, by investigating state revenues from taxes, government spending, and economic growth to look into how taxes affect economic growth. We use annual research data from 2000 to 2020. We use vector analysis in this study. We found that economic growth, taxes, and government spending significantly influence and support each other. This shows that taxes depend on economic growth where the higher the economic growth in Indonesia, the higher the potential tax revenue as state revenue. The higher the state revenue from taxes, the greater the government expenditure for economic development in Indonesia. The higher the economic development in Indonesia through government expenditure, the higher the economic growth in Indonesia.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Botswana over the period 1985‒2016. The study employed the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach in investigating the nexus. The study makes the argument that the effectiveness of public spending should be assessed not only against the amount of the expenditure but also by the type of the expenditure. The empirical findings showed that aggregate expenditure has a negative short-run and positive long-run effect on economic growth. When expenditure is disaggregated, both forms of expenditures have a positive short-run effect on economic growth, whereas only a long-run positive impact of recurrent expenditure is observed. The study suggests the need to prioritize scarce resources in productive recurrent and development spending that enables increased productivity.Design/methodology/approachThis study examined the effectiveness of government spending in Botswana, within an ARDL framework from 1985 to 2016. To achieve this, the analysis is carried out on both an aggregate and disaggregated level. Government spending is divided into recurrent and development expenditures.FindingsThis study examined the effectiveness of government spending in Botswana, within an ARDL framework from 1985 to 2016. To achieve this, the analysis hinged on both the aggregate and disaggregated levels. The results of the aggregate analysis suggest that total public expenditure has a negative impact on economic growth in the short run; however, its impact becomes positive over the long run. On disaggregating government spending, the results show that both recurrent and development expenditures have a significant positive short-run impact on growth; however, in the long run, the significant positive impact is only observed for recurrent expenditure.Practical implicationsThe results provide evidence of the diverse effects of government expenditure in the country. In the period under investigation, 73 percent of total government expenditure in Botswana was recurrent in nature, whereas 23 percent was related to development. From the results, it can be observed that although the recurrent expenditure has contributed to increased growth and must be encouraged, it is also pertinent for the Botswana Government to endeavor to place more emphasis on productive development expenditure in order to enhance short- and long-term growth. Further, there is a need to strengthen the growth-enhancing structures and to prioritize the scarce economic resources toward productive spending and ensuring continued proper governance over such expenditures.Originality/valueThe study provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of government spending in a small open, resource-reliant middle-income SSA economy and argues that the effectiveness of public spending must be assessed not only against the amount of the expenditure but also on the type or composition of the expenditure. The study contributes to the scant empirical literature on Botswana by employing the ARDL approach to cointegration technique in estimating the long- and short-run impact of government expenditure on economic growth between 1985 and 2016.

ABSTRACTIn this study, we highlight the influence of the federal system on the development expenditure of the states, which is crucial for socio‐economic development. First, we examine whether there is a convergence in development expenditure across Malaysian states. Second, we investigate the importance of decentralization in affecting the pattern of development expenditure in the short‐term and in the long‐term. The convergence analysis utilizes annual growth data from 2000 through 2015 for the short‐term and the averages of 3‐ and 5‐year growth for the long‐term. In this study, we employ the panel data approaches of pooled OLS, fixed effects and random effects estimation procedures. The findings provide empirical evidence of the convergence of development expenditure across the states in Malaysia in both the short‐term and the long‐term. Generally, all fiscal decentralization indicators (state per capita revenue, state own‐source per capita revenue, state own‐source revenue as a share of total revenue and inter‐state fiscal capacity) are imperative in influencing the fiscal behaviour of state governments in Malaysia. These indicators, as well as assistance from the federal government in the form of transfer payment, are very much needed to strengthen the expenditure capacity of the Malaysian states.

This study aims to determine the effect of investment, unemployment, inflation, human development and government spending on economic growth and poverty in Indonesia. This study uses panel data for 2012-2021 in 33 provinces, which is analyzed using a simultaneous equation approach using the Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) method and to look at the mutual relationships between endogenous variables using the Granjer model (Causality Test). This research uses hypothesis testing, namely the F test and t test. The results of this research; First, equation 1. The influence of investment, unemployment and inflation together have a significant effect on economic growth. Partially, first, poverty has no significant effect on economic growth. Second, investment has no significant effect on economic growth. Third, unemployment has a significant effect on economic growth. Fourth, inflation has a significant effect on economic growth. Then equation 2 the effects of inflation, human development and government spending together have a significant effect on poverty. Partially, first, economic growth has no significant effect on poverty. Second, inflation has a significant effect on poverty. Third, human development has a significant effect on poverty. Fourth, government spending has no significant effect on poverty. The result of Granjer's model (causality test) is that there is no reciprocal relationship between economic growth and poverty.

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the implementation of e-government in the public sector in order to increase its efficiency and effectiveness. According to the European Digital Strategy, by 2030, the EU’s goal is to ensure that democratic life and online public services are fully accessible to all, including people with disabilities, and benefit from a top-quality digital environment offering user-friendly, efficient, and personalized services and tools with high levels of security and privacy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between e-government development (digitalization of public services) and government expenditure, with a focus on general public services expenditure for the 27 European Union countries (EU) over the period 2003-2022. For this purpose, we apply panel data estimation techniques, and we use E-Government Development Index (EGDI) as dependent variable and expenditures on general public services, research and development expenditure, total public expenditures, internet penetration rate, human development index, GDP per capita, level of digital skills and corruption perceptions index as independent variables. Our findings confirm significant differences among the levels of e-government development in the EU-27 countries. Moreover, our results show that EGDI is significantly and negatively associated with government expenditure, especially general public services expenditure. This paper aims to fill the gap and to bring useful results for governments and its institutions.

<p>This paper examines the validity of Wagner’s hypothesis in Kuwait looking specifically at government expenditures in health, education and infrastructure. Using time series analysis, the paper has found a long-run equilibrium relationship between GDP growth and the specified government expenditures. It, however, only found one causal relationship between development expenditures and GDP growth. As such, the paper proposes an expansion in government spending on development projects and reevaluates budget allocation in health and education.</p>

This study, titled "The Impact of Foreign Aid on the Fiscal Behavior of Government of Pakistan," aims to investigate the relationship between foreign aid and its influence on Pakistan's fiscal policies. Despite receiving substantial foreign aid over several decades, Pakistan's economic and social performance has not seen significant improvement. This study primarily focuses on assessing whether foreign aid has hindered the government's efforts to increase domestic tax revenue and whether it has reduced accountability while promoting higher levels of foreign debt accumulation. Furthermore, it explores whether foreign aid has redirected public spending away from essential service sectors. The research employs Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyze the connection between domestic borrowing, grant aid, development expenditures, and domestic revenue from 1991 to 2020. The findings suggest that international grants have had a negative impact on Pakistan's financial management, leading to decreased domestic revenue and increased foreign debt. Additionally, it reveals that expenditures on projects increased when government spending was constrained. This study underscores the importance of Pakistan effectively utilizing foreign aid resources while emphasizing the urgent need to enhance income collection and fiscal discipline. Ultimately, it highlights that the government's choices, rather than those of donor countries, determine whether foreign aid is used to reduce domestic borrowing and government spending or to augment available resources.

The provision of public goods and services to citizens is a significant responsibility of the government. The products include schools, hospitals, roads, and other infrastructure. This investment is essential to stimulate economic growth, create job opportunities, and improve living standards. The effect of development spending on economic growth has been shown in a significant amount of existing literature. However, there are still various opinions on the impact level of development spending on economic growth. Therefore, the goal of our research is to investigate the link between Malaysia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Development Expenditure (DE) based on the long-run and short-run vector error correction model (VECM) approach. The findings show that the long-term impact of GDP on development spending is positive, according to the results of the Johansen co-integration test. The long-run VECM also shows a positive correlation between GDP and government spending on development. Development spending and lag one GDP are negatively correlated. The short-run VECM shows a positive correlation between GDP and GDP lag. Unrestricted Vector Autoregressive (VAR) demonstrates that government spending on development has no discernible impact on GDP. According to the impulse response function (IRF) study, a GDP shock first has a negative effect on development spending before having a positive reaction. Although GDP might not be a strong indicator of DE in the near run, it becomes increasingly apparent over longer time frames, emphasizing the intricate relationship between macroeconomic factors and fiscal policy.

The topography of Karangasem Regency is very varied, in the form of plains, hills, mountains, namely the highest mountain in Bali (Gunung Agung). The location of Karangasem Regency which is close to Mount Agung causes Karangasem Regency to have a wealth of natural resources in the form of class C minerals, namely sand and rocks which are abundant compared to other regencies in Bali. The government of Karangasem Regency collects taxes on group C mining entrepreneurs. Exploitation of land in Karangasem Regency carried out by C mining entrepreneurs has a negative impact, namely environmental damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of Sustainable environmental management in overcoming the problem of land damage due to excavation c mining in Karangasem Regency. The research method used is the library research method. The results of the study showed that there was critical land due to mining business activities of C excavation which did not carry out land reclamation after post-mining. This is because the C mining entrepreneurs in Karangasem Regency do not carry out the basic principles of Sustainable Environmental Management, namely the principle of Intragenerational equity, the principle of intergenerational equity, the principle of preventive action, the principle of prudence, the precautionary principle and the polluter-pays principle.

The topography of Karangasem Regency is very varied, in the form of plains, hills, mountains, namely the highest mountain in Bali (Gunung Agung). The location of Karangasem Regency which is close to Mount Agung causes Karangasem Regency to have a wealth of natural resources in the form of class C minerals, namely sand and rocks which are abundant compared to other regencies in Bali. The government of Karangasem Regency collects taxes on group C mining entrepreneurs. Exploitation of land in Karangasem Regency carried out by C mining entrepreneurs has a negative impact, namely environmental damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of Sustainable environmental management in overcoming the problem of land damage due to excavation c mining in Karangasem Regency. The research method used is the library research method. The results of the study showed that there was critical land due to mining business activities of C excavation which did not carry out land reclamation after post-mining. This is because the C mining entrepreneurs in Karangasem Regency do not carry out the basic principles of Sustainable Environmental Management, namely the principle of Intragenerational equity, the principle of intergenerational equity, the principle of preventive action, the principle of prudence, the precautionary principle and the polluter-pays principle.

Economists have divergent views on the relationship between public expenditure and economic growth. The pro-market viewpoint argues that large government expenditure is a source of economic instability and has negative effect on economic growth. The anti-market view, on the other hand, stresses positive effect of government spending on economic growth. Stimulated by unresolved debates on the precise relationship between government spending and economic growth, and continuous growth in government spending, this study employed modified and extended aggregate production model to examine the effects of government expenditure at its’ aggregate level on economic growth in Nigeria for the period (1981-2018) using bound test (ARDL) approach. The co-integration result indicates the existence of long-run relationship between total government expenditure (LTGE) and economic growth in Nigeria. ARDL results show that total government expenditure (LTGE) impacted positively on economic growth in Nigeria in line with Keynesian theory. The granger causality test result indicates the existence of uni-directional causal relationship from LGDP to LTGE for the observed period, in line with Wagner’s theory. It is recommended that there should be proper utilization of public fund in the provision of security and critical infrastructure especially electricity supply and road infrastructure which are precursors to effective economic performance. Public fund should be properly managed to ensure accountability, transparency and fiscal responsibility in carrying out public assignment. It is believed that if corruption is tackled in the country, more public fund will be freed for development and public expenditure would impact more on the economic performance, hence, the fight against corruption in the country should be frontally confronted. Public institutions charged with the responsibility of handling corruption matters in the country should be overhauled and strengthen to ensure timely and proper handling of corruption matters.

The purpose of the research work is to assess the indicators of innovation, digitalization and knowledge that have an impact on the creative economy. For this purpose, the following indicators were analyzed: total GVA for the creative industry, the share of GVA for the creative industry in GDP, government expenditure on education, research and development expenditure, information technology exports, internal R&D costs by branches of science, the volume of innovative products (goods, services), and the share of innovative products (goods, services). The data covers the period 2004-2022 and is taken from global and domestic data sources. In order to obtain comprehensive results of the study, two models were used: Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Non-Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL). According to the results of the model, indicators with linear and nonlinear effects in the long and short term were identified. The practical significance of the study lies in the finding that the negative impact of internal Research and Development indicates the need to strictly monitor the progress and results of funds allocated to this sector and scientific projects. Although government spending on education has negative effects in the short term, it has positive effects in the strategic long run. It is important to highlight that for Kazakhstan, it is high priority to support creative economy sectors that have practical importance and result in production. The study also adds new empirical evidence and extends the existing literature on the creative economy.

In order to address the issue of technological progress, most integrated assessment models have incorporated methods to account for autonomous energy efficiency improvement, the natural tendency of an economy to find more efficient ways to produce energy services. Although the treatment of technical changes as an autonomous event is a reasonable modeling convenience, it is not a statement of actual cause and effect. The purpose of this research project is to examine the responsiveness of a particular technology, solar photovoltaic electricity generation, to research and development expenditures by the government and private industry. The goal is to be able to model how the technology can be expected to respond to future government expenditures. The first step was to develop a database of government expenditures on solar photovoltaic research and development. The next step was to develop an analytical dynamic optimization model that would allow the characterization of the important factors in the R&D process and the demonstration of generalizable principles of optimal investment in the R&D process. There is now a solid starting point for research into the relation between government spending on technology research and the response of the technology in terms of technical efficiency.

T This study examines the effect of regional fiscal independence on development expenditure in Indonesian local governments, focusing on regencies and municipalities. Fiscal independence is measured by the share of local own-source revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah, PAD) in total regional revenue, reflecting the degree of fiscal autonomy. Development expenditure is proxied by capital expenditure, representing long-term public investment in infrastructure and productive assets. The study uses panel data from 35 regencies and municipalities over the 2018–2022 period, yielding 175 observations. A fixed effects panel regression model is employed, selected through Chow and Hausman tests, to control for unobserved time-invariant regional characteristics, including institutional capacity and governance quality. The results indicate that regional fiscal independence has a positive and statistically significant effect on capital expenditure. Greater fiscal independence is associated with higher development spending, suggesting that increased reliance on own-source revenue strengthens local governments’ ability to finance development-oriented investments. In addition, both local own-source revenue and central government transfers have positive and significant effects on capital expenditure, although intergovernmental transfers remain the primary funding source. In contrast, regional gross domestic product does not show a significant influence on development expenditure after controlling for fiscal variables.These findings imply that while fiscal independence expands local fiscal space, development expenditure in Indonesia remains highly dependent on central government transfers. Strengthening local revenue capacity is therefore essential to enhancing fiscal autonomy, reducing transfer dependency, and supporting more sustainable regional development within the fiscal decentralization framework.