Errors, Exceptions and Testing

This research is motivated by several problems, namely: 1) information services using video media have been carried out when using classical guidance, but have not been carried out in a sustainable manner; and 2) students' knowledge of the types of drugs and the resulting impacts of 23% is still in the less category. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of information services through video media on the understanding of the dangers of drugs for class VIII students at SMPN 1 Ciledug. This study used a quantitative approach with the Pre-Experimental Designs of the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design type. The population in this study were all class VIII students at SMPN 1 Ciledug totaling 266 students. The research sample was students of class VIII B SMPN 1 Ciledug totaling 30 participants. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling. Data collection techniques using test techniques. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics. Data prerequisite test uses validity, reliability, normality, and homogeneity. Test the hypothesis using paired samples t-test.The results of the research that has been carried out show that information services using video media to understand the dangers of drugs have been implemented well for students in class VIII B at SMPN 1 Ciledug. The results of the hypothesis test with the paired sample t-test that has been carried out obtained the sig value. 2-tailed is 0.000 <0.05, so there is an influence of information services through video media on the understanding of the dangers of drugs in class VIII students at SMPN 1 Ciledug. The effect of the difference in the average mean pre-test and post-test, that is, obtained an average mean pre-test of 78.53 to an average mean post-test of 88.30, then an increase in the average mean of 9.767 is obtained or 10%. It can be concluded that information services through video media can influence the understanding of the dangers of drugs for class VIII students at SMPN 1 Ciledug.

This study examines the relationship among remittances, growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria. Secondary data from the World Development Indicators was utilized from 1981-2019. ARDL Bounds test and Granger causality techniques were employed in analyzing the objective of the study. Consequently, the major findings in this study could be submitted as follows: GDP per capita has a positive and significant relationship with migrant remittances. Furthermore, economic growth motivates poverty reduction in the country. Hence, it could be concluded that migrant remittances and growth are important economic variables that drive poverty reduction in Nigeria. Moreover, following the emergence of these important findings, these pertinent recommendations are therefore made for the policymakers in Nigeria and Africa by extension, that whenever poverty reduction is the goal of these policymakers, implementation of the policies that would stimulate sporadic inflows of migrant remittances should be embarked upon. Similarly, policies that will ensure double digit growth rate in sustainable manners in the country should be embarked upon by the policymakers.

Spatial distribution patterns of trunk internal decay of Euphrates poplar riparian forest along the Tarim River, northwest China

Agriculture production has substantially increased since green revolution due to introduction of modern cultivars and inputs. Organic fertilizers are key contributor to achieve high yield targets in sustainable way. From the last a few decades the uses of inorganic fertilizers have been increased to get higher yield. Low soil fertility is one of the major reasons for low crop production. However, under or over application of fertilizers and selection of wrong nutrient source causes nutrient imbalance in soil. Moreover, high application of inorganic fertilizers and unbalanced fertilization has reduced the nutrient use efficiencies (NUE) with high cost of production and environmental risks. Therefore, better NUE can reduce the fertilizer cost and environmental risks. This chapter discusses the challenges to sustainable nutrient management. Moreover, use of approaches for sustainable nutrient management including appropriate soil testing technique, fertilizer sources (organic, inorganic, biofertilziers and nanofertilizers) and application method in right combination using site specific nutrient management will reduce the fertilizer losses with high NUE and economic yield.

The current renaissance in lunar exploration, driven by space agencies as well as the private sector, requires suitable test and training facilities on Earth to proceed in a safe and sustainable manner. To address this need, DLR and ESA have opened the Moon analogue facility LUNA in Cologne, Germany, in September 2024. We will provide an overview of LUNA and report on first campaigns, which already included usage by universities, national space agencies, and the private sector.At the heart of LUNA is a 700 m² regolith hall, filled with Mare simulant EAC-1A to 60 cm depth. With black walls, a preliminary sun simulator allowing to simulate illumination at the lunar south polar region, geologically relevant rocks, an Argonaut lunar lander mock-up, two 3U-rovers that might carry individual instruments, and a future gravity offloading, LUNA simulates the lunar surface and allows to test the operations of instruments and experiments on the Moon as well as train operations for robotic and crewed lunar missions. A dedicated ground segment permits commanding and telemetry and data exchange under mission-like conditions. Further outfitting by elements both within (e.g. a ramp to simulate slopes of at least up to 40 deg) and outside of LUNA (e.g. Flexhab habitat, EDEN-LUNA greenhouse) is ongoing.The deep floor area (DFA), with a regolith depth of up to 3 m over an area of approximately 135m² and two sloping walls with angles of 25° and 40°, allows for testing geophysical exploration methods as well as drilling and sampling techniques. The initial outfitting of the DFA includes two buried metal reference targets for ground-penetrating radar (GPR), as well as a small simulated lava tunnel at the bottom, constructed from concrete and expanded foam sheets. Additionally, PMMA (aka Plexiglas™) is used to simulate the elastic and dielectric contrasts between regolith and ice, which is of special interest in exploration of the lunar South Pole, and emplaced to mimic both a thin ice horizon as well as distributed veins of ice (reticular chaotic cryostructure, formed by 1000 PMMA discs). A fiber-optic cable, including fibers for distributed temperature sensing (DTS), distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), and an engineered fiber, has been buried throughout the hall to be used for background data, and a broad-band seismometer has been installed permanently in LUNA. Several seismic reference measurements as well as a GPR test have been conducted to characterize the LUNA hall and environment.The EAC-1A simulant has been characterized in terms of elastic, electric and thermal properties, e.g. seismic wave velocities and attenuation from resonant column tests, dielectric permittivity and loss tangent, and thermal conductivity. We show in how far these parameters match the values for actual lunar regolith. We will also report on first test campaigns, e.g. regarding geophones and the engineered DAS fibre, GPR, and rover navigation.

Over the few decades it has seen that there is increasing demand for the standard education in the weaker society. Education is a necessity that needs to be provided for every individual in the society for which continuously the government attempting to come up with various programs or schemes to standardized the level of learning in a sustainable manner in the peasant providence. The collaborative amongst the ministry and private sector is formed duly to ensure the excellence of facility reached to the infants of undermined society. This review will help the educational field to understand the needs and requirement of the people living in backward areas and also it is aimed to highlight the consequence of the P3 partnership, also to evaluate the drawbacks that associated by the concept in the enhancement process in India. The paper adopted Primary source of data collection where The sample size is taken as 350 by the specialist and Simple percentage analysis, Chi-Square test technique is been utilized. In view of the analysis and interpretation specify that there is no association between the gender and the benefits received from PPP and suggesting few solutions for making the corporate partnership model more efficient and effective. The P3 strategy implementation in the educational sector can be beneficial for the below income category community if it is properly executed and drastic transformation could be seen in the future in the field of education and preference of the community.

The use of low-carbon and energy-efficient paving technologies is gaining worldwide acceptance in recent years as a means to encourage commitment towards more sustainable pavement management practices. However, there still remain some technical gaps regarding mix design procedures for the half-warm mix asphalt (HWMA) mixtures’ preparation and characterization in the laboratory. To this end, three different laboratory compaction methods (e.g., static load, Marshall impactor, and gyratory compactor) were selected and put into assessment to define the most suitable compaction test method for half-warm mix recycled asphalt (HWMRA) mixtures with 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Posteriorly, the effect of four-accelerated curing treatments (0, 24, 48, and 72 h) on the mixtures’ mechanical performance was investigated. Then, advanced mechanical characterization of the mixture performance was conducted to quantify the indirect tensile strength (ITS), stiffness modulus, rutting, and four-point bending (4PB) fatigue test. Thus, based on the authors’ findings, the HWMRA mixtures with 100% RAP and emulsified bitumen exhibited proper volumetric (e.g., air voids and density) and mechanical behavior in terms of moisture damage, ITS, stiffness modulus, rutting, and fatigue cracking. These findings encourage greater confidence in promoting the use of these sustainable asphalt mixes for their use in road pavements or urban streets.

Examining structural safety requires hypotheses on several properties of the bridge structure, such as material properties, boundary conditions, and self-weight. The traditional approach relies on conservative assumptions for each structural property, following the conventional new-design approach. Nonetheless, this approach leads to conservative evaluations of the bridge capacity and may lead to the erroneous conclusion that the structure is deficient. Over-conservatism in structural safety assessments may have large environmental and economic impacts on global infrastructure management. A more advanced approach is to conduct multiple tests and monitoring activities on the structural system to provide more accurate values of these bridge properties. This paper presents a methodology to determine several parameters, including the structural stiffness, the boundary conditions, and the self-weight of concrete bridges based on static and dynamic load testing and robust data-interpretation techniques. The methodology is used on a prestressed concrete bridge in Switzerland. This bridge from 1958 has a single span of 35 meters. Prior to monitoring, conservative evaluations (using the conventional approach) led to the conclusion that the bridge has structural deficiencies. After monitoring, the bridge demonstrates significant reserve capacity, mostly due to the reduction of the self-weight safety factor. This study shows the potential of monitoring techniques for more sustainable and economic infrastructure management.

Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) is used to support sustainable soil management. However, TIE studies for sediment contamination have been limited and no previous study has validated its applicability to a species native to South Korea, to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, this study aims to validate the applicability of domestic species inhabiting East Asia to a TIE framework. We selected Glyptotendipes tokunagai, a common benthic invertebrate in urban areas. Contaminated sediment samples were generated using cadmium, copper, and ammonia, which are the major pollutants in sediment. Three different adsorbents were chosen as pollutant removal agents to validate the applicability of TIE using G. tokunagai. In the results, G. tokunagai exhibited a mortality rate that was dependent on the concentration of each pollutant. The mortality rate dramatically decreased after adding the chosen adsorbents to the contaminated sediments. Additionally, the observed reduction in toxicant concentrations suggests that these additives are efficient for toxicant removal. In contrast, WCA10L showed a mortality higher than 20% and seems not to be a proper additive for a toxicity assay. Through this study, G. tokunagai was demonstrated to be sufficiently sensitive to sediment contaminated with different pollutants and showed reproducible measurements, making it a suitable test organism for the TIE framework. Moreover, suitable adsorbents were suggested by measuring efficiency and toxicity after the toxicant removal procedure.

Rainfall is one of the important factors in water resource planning and management, both for social and economic aspects. The Tanjung Senai area in Ogan Ilir Regency, which is drained by the Kelekar sub-watershed, is highly dependent on water availability, especially for agriculture and settlements. This study aims to analyze rainfall distribution and determine design rainfall intensity with various return periods (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years). The research method uses a quantitative approach with analysis of secondary rainfall data from the BMKG for 10 years (2014–2023). The analysis stages included frequency analysis, probability distribution analysis (Normal, Log Normal, Log Pearson Type III, and Gumbel), distribution suitability tests (Chi-Square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov), rainfall intensity calculations using the Mononobe method, and the preparation of a design rainfall hyetograph using the Alternating Block Method (ABM). The results show that the analysis of rainfall distribution in the Kelekar Sub-DAS indicates that the Gumbel distribution method is the most appropriate for representing extreme rainfall in the region. The rainfall intensity analysis shows that the R24 rainfall value for a 5-year return period is 169.956 mm/hour, a 10-year return period is 187.392 mm/hour, a 20-year return period is 204.118 mm/hour, a 50-year return period is 225.767 mm/hour, and for a 100-year return period is 241.989 mm/hour. Thus, the results of this study are expected to make a significant contribution to the development of sustainable environmental policies and management in the Tanjung Senai area.Keywords: Rainfall data. Rainfall intensity, Frequency distributionA. Pendahuluan

Economic and social perspectives of implementing artificial intelligence in drinking water treatment systems for predicting coagulant dosage: A transition toward sustainability

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, contribute significantly to global climate change, which in turn threatens the environment, development, and sustainability. The current study examines the nexus between Russia's energy consumption, industrialization, and forest cover in terms of the country's total CO2 emissions. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing technique and the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) methodology were used to examine time series data from 1990 to 2020. Evidence of cointegration between the variables was found using the ARDL bounds test. An increase of 1% in energy consumption and industrialization is predicted to result in an increase of 1.3% and 0.23% in CO2 emissions in Russia. In addition, it has been estimated that a 1% increase in forest area might lead to a 4.29% reduction in CO2 emissions in the long run. This article proposed policies to reduce emissions in Russia and assure environmental sustainability through the use of renewable energy sources, green industry, and sustainable forest management.

Assessment of groundwater level fluctuation using integrated trend analysis approaches in the Kapran sub-basin, North East of Iraq

This study addresses the forecasting and corrosion risk assessment of urban steel pipeline networks in Guangzhou from 2002 to 2022. It examines infrastructure deterioration under urbanization and industrial growth pressures, focusing on pipeline integrity affected by factors such as mechanical stress, chemical corrosion, and microbial influence. Data-driven methodologies, including probabilistic failure models and advanced non-destructive testing techniques like remote field eddy current testing (RFEC) and side scanning evaluation technology (SSET), are applied to evaluate pipeline conditions and predict failure likelihood. The integration of environmental monitoring data with risk analysis supports optimized maintenance scheduling and resource allocation. The research highlights the importance of multi-stakeholder data coordination and scenario-based risk ranking to enhance urban water system resilience. Results inform decision support systems that prioritize asset renewal based on cost-benefit analyses and key performance indicators. This framework contributes to sustainable infrastructure management strategies amid complex urban and environmental challenges.

The objective of this paper was to isolate and molecularly characterize methanogenic bacteria consortium involved in biogas production from fruit and vegetable wastes from selected markets in Kaduna, Nigeria using conventional microbiological methods like Enrichment culture, Gram staining, biochemical tests, colony morphology analysis, selective medium, and motility testing techniques were used for separating and characterizing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria successfully isolated and identified, including species such as Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Pseudomonas spp, Bordetella spp, Lysinibacillus spp, Methanobacterium spp, and Methanobrevibacter spp. Molecular analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Methanobacterium formicicum, isolated from Digester C, showed 98% genetic similarity with known strains, supporting its role in biogas production. The anaerobic digesters were loaded with a 1:1 mixture of fruit and vegetable waste combined with cow dung, which acted as an inoculum. This combination enhanced biogas production efficiency by providing a stable substrate for methanogenic activity. Gas analysis revealed that methane () concentrations in Digesters A, B, and C were 72.7%, 73.5%, and 75.2%, respectively. Higher methane concentrations in Digester C resulted in elevated calorific values, reaching 25.15 MJ/m³. The biogas produced was tested for combustion efficiency, with methane content directly correlating to the energy output of the biogas. Digester C, which had the highest methane concentration, also exhibited the greatest energy potential, producing clean-burning biogas suitable for rural energy applications. The study further demonstrated that the combination of fruit and vegetable waste with cow dung accelerates methane production, contributing to more efficient anaerobic digestion. The results provide a foundation for scaling up biogas production using organic waste in developing countries, with potential applications in sustainable waste management, renewable energy generation, and agricultural development.