Erratum. Acute Exercise Effects on Appetite and Energy Intake in People Living With Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Overweight and obesity areassociated with dysregulation of appetite-related hormones and altered energy intake. Exercise has been proposed as a strategy to modulate appetite and support weight management. A comprehensive search of databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Academic Search Premier, and EBSCOHost, identified 19 studies (34 trials) for inclusion. Using a random-effects model, we calculated effect sizes (ES) for hormone concentration, appetite perception, and energy intake. Acute exercise exerted a moderate suppressive effect on acylated ghrelin (ES = -0.73) and a moderate, nonsignificant effect on insulin (ES = -0.55). A large but nonsignificant increase was observed for glucagon-like peptide-1 (ES = 3.96), while peptide YY showed a small, nonsignificant increase (ES = 0.24). Exercise significantly reduced hunger (ES = -0.35) and prospective food consumption (ES = -0.26), with minimal effects on fullness (ES = 0.16) and satiety (ES = 0.15). Significant reductions were found in both relative (ES = -0.54) and absolute energy intake (ES = -0.19). Exercise may be an effective short-term intervention for reducing appetite and energy intake among people living with overweight and obesity. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42024623903.

INTRODUCTION In the literature, only acute effects of exercise, mostly combined with plyometrics or blood flow restriction (BFR), have been examined on post-activation-potentiation (PAP). Although systemic and local hypoxia have some similar effects, we found only one study (Ramos-Campo et al., 2020) reporting a PAP effect with systemic hypoxia. There is no study investigating chronic effects, and there is also no study examining acute and chronic effects of exercise together, not only in hypoxia but also in normoxia. The aim of this study is to examine the acute and chronic effects of plyometric exercise in hypoxia on PAP, and to test differences between high and low hypoxia. METHOD Nineteen team-sports athletes undertook 8-week drop-jump (DJ) training in Low-Hypoxia (LH, n=8), Normoxia (N, n=6), and High-Hypoxia (HH, n=5) using a hypoxicator set using a biofeedback system to sustain a SpO2 of 90%, 97-100%, and 80%, respectively. PAP assessments were applied under both normoxia and hypoxia on different days. Two DJ trials from 40-cm height were obtained as baseline measurements, and then 7.5 min passive rest was given under each group’s hypoxia level. Following 1x5 DJs for pre-test, and 1x8 DJs for post-test as PAP protocol, DJ tests were applied at 2nd and 4th min. RESULTS RM-ANOVA, to assess acute effect, showed a significant conditionxtest interaction (F=3.40, p=0.044), and only under normoxia condition DJ-height was significantly higher at 2nd (31.7cm) and 4th min (31.6cm) than baseline (30.1cm)(p<0.05). For chronic effect, mixed-ANOVA represented a significant groupxtest interaction (F=2.70, p=0.048). Only HH significantly increased DJ-height from baseline (30.0cm) to 2nd (31.9cm) and 4th min (32.9cm) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION We conclude that while acute hypoxia drop jump exercise may damage net balance between potentiation and fatigue which occurred after conditioning activity, high hypoxia drop jump training may affect this balance in favour of potentiation without any condition difference.

Background:Acute exercise does not elicit compensatory changes in appetite parameters in lean individuals; however, less is known about responses in overweight individuals. This study compared the acute effects of moderate-intensity exercise on appetite, energy intake and appetite-regulatory hormones in lean and overweight/obese individuals.Methods:Forty-seven healthy lean (n=22, 11 females; mean (s.d.) 37.5 (15.2) years; 22.4 (1.5) kg m−2) and overweight/obese (n=25, 11 females; 45.0 (12.4) years, 29.2 (2.9) kg m−2) individuals completed two, 8 h trials (exercise and control). In the exercise trial, participants completed 60 min treadmill exercise (59 (4)% peak oxygen uptake) at 0–1 h and rested thereafter while participants rested throughout the control trial. Appetite ratings and concentrations of acylated ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured at predetermined intervals. Standardised meals were consumed at 1.5 and 4 h and an ad libitum buffet meal was provided at 7 h.Results:Exercise suppressed appetite (95% confidence interval (CI) −3.1 to −0.5 mm, P=0.01), and elevated delta PYY (95% CI 10 to 17 pg ml−1, P<0.001) and GLP-1 (95% CI 7 to 10 pmol l−1, P<0.001) concentrations. Delta acylated ghrelin concentrations (95% CI −5 to 3 pg ml−1, P=0.76) and ad libitum energy intake (95% CI −391 to 346 kJ, P=0.90) were similar between trials. Subjective and hormonal appetite parameters and ad libitum energy intake were similar between lean and overweight/obese individuals (P⩾0.27). The exercise-induced elevation in delta GLP-1 was greater in overweight/obese individuals (trial-by-group interaction P=0.01), whereas lean individuals exhibited a greater exercise-induced increase in delta PYY (trial-by-group interaction P<0.001).Conclusions:Acute moderate-intensity exercise transiently suppressed appetite and increased PYY and GLP-1 in the hours after exercise without stimulating compensatory changes in appetite in lean or overweight/obese individuals. These findings underscore the ability of exercise to induce a short-term energy deficit without any compensatory effects on appetite regardless of weight status.

There is strong and consistent evidence that a single exercise session can acutely reduce triglycerides and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C), reduce blood pressure, and improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Such observations suggest that at least some of the effects on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk factors attributed to exercise training may be the result of recent exercise. These acute and chronic exercise effects cannot be considered in isolation. Exercise training increases the capacity for exercise, thereby permitting more vigorous and/or more prolonged individual exercise sessions and a more significant acute effect. The intensity, duration, and energy expenditure required to produce these acute exercise effects are not clearly defined. The acute effect of exercise on triglycerides and HDL-C appears to increase with overall energy expenditure possibly because the effect maybe mediated by reductions in intramuscular triglycerides. Prolonged exercise appears necessary for an acute effect of exercise on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The acute effect of exercise on blood pressure is a low threshold phenomenon and has been observed after energy expenditures requiring only 40% maximal capacity. The acute effect of exercise on glucose metabolism appears to require exercise near 70% maximal, but this issue has not been carefully examined. Exercise has definite acute effects on blood lipids, blood pressure, and glucose homeostasis. Exercise also has acute effects on other factors related to atherosclerosis such as immunological function, vascular reactivity, and hemostasis. Considerable additional research is required to define the threshold of exercise required to produce these putatively beneficial effects.

Recent studies investigating the effects of acute aerobic exercise on event-related brain potentials (ERPs), and in particular the P3 component, have found evidence for changes in cognitive function. However, these studies only focused on young adults. Thus, it remains unclear whether similar acute aerobic exercise effects on cognitive function would extend to adults experiencing cognitive aging. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on human cognitive function in older adults. METHODS: Twenty-four males (12 older adults: 65.5 ± 5.1 yrs, 12 young adults: 21.8 ± 2.1 yrs) participated in this experiment. They performed a modified flanker task during a baseline session (no exercise), and again after light (30 % VO2max) and moderate (50 % VO2max) pedaling exercises, while measures of task performance and P3 were collected. The modified flanker task comprised of congruent and incongruent conditions to manipulate executive control requirements. RESULTS: P3 latencies following both light and moderate exercises were shorter than in the baseline session across both age groups and task conditions (congruent and incongruent). These results support previous studies indicating that moderate intensity exercise facilitates cognitive function as reflected by the P3 component, suggesting that these acute exercise effects were same irrespective of age. Even though P3 latency following light exercise was also shorter than in the baseline session across age groups, reaction time following light exercise was longer than following moderate exercise. These findings suggest that moderate exercise might facilitate both stimulus evaluation processes and response processes, while light exercise might improve only the former. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides additional support for the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition during older adulthood, and suggests that light and moderate exercise may improve cognitive function across the adult lifespan.

Purpose: To determine the acute and chronic effects of exercise on Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) concentration and activity. Methods: A literature search was performed using 16 electronic databases. Effect sizes (ES) were computed and two-tailed α values < .05 and non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity, inconsistency (I2 ), and small-study effects using the LFK index were examined. Results: Eighteen studies (n = 377 participants) met the criteria for inclusion. The acute effects of exercise on PON1 concentration were trivial and non-significant (ES = −.03, 95%CI = −.39 to .34, p > .05), heterogeneous (p = .05), moderately inconsistent (I2 = 48%), with minor asymmetry (LFK index = 1.34). The chronic effects of exercise on PON1 concentration were also trivial and non-significant (ES = −.04, 95%CI = −.53 to.45, p > .05), homogenous (p = .65), displayed low inconsistency (I2 = 0%), and minor asymmetry (LFK index = −1.14). The acute effects of exercise on PON1 activity were trivial and non-significant (ES = .11, 95%CI = −.02 to.24, p > .05), homogenous (p = .85), showed low inconsistency (I2 = 0%), and no asymmetry (LFK index = .82). The chronic effects of exercise on PON1 activity were trivial and non-significant (ES = .31, 95%CI = −.03 to.65, p > .05), homogenous (p = .17), moderately inconsistent (I 2 = 36%), with no asymmetry (LFK index = .60). Conclusion: Acute and chronic exercise training, overall, exerted a trivial effect on PON1 concentration and activity.

This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence pertaining to consummatory and appetitive responses to acute exercise in children and adolescents with and without obesity (5-18 years). Articles reporting on supervised, controlled trials of any modality, duration, or intensity with laboratory-measured food intake were found using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane up to July 2023. Differences between conditions in laboratory energy and macronutrient intake, appetite sensations, and food reward were quantitatively synthesized using random-effects meta-analyses. Thirty-five studies were eligible for the systematic review of energy intake, consisting of 60 distinct intervention arms with lean (n = 374) and overweight/obesity participants (n = 325; k = 51 eligible for meta-analysis). Study quality as indicated by the Effective Public Healthy Practice Project tool was rated as low and moderate risk of bias for 80% and 20% of studies, respectively. Acute exercise had no significant effect on energy intake during an ad libitum test meal (mean difference [MD] = -4.52 [-30.58, 21.54] kcal, p = .729). Whilst absolute carbohydrate intake was lower after exercise (23 arms; MD = -6.08 [-11.26, -0.91] g, p = .023), the proportion of carbohydrate was not (30 arms; MD = -0.62 [-3.36, 2.12] %, p = .647). A small elevation in hunger (27 arms; MD = 4.56 [0.75, 8.37] mm, p = .021) and prospective food consumption (27 arms; PFC; MD = 5.71 [1.62, 9.80] mm, p = .008) was observed post-exercise, but not immediately prior to the test meal (Interval: Mdn = 30 min, Range = 0-180). Conversely, a modest decrease in explicit wanting for high-fat foods was evident after exercise (10 arms; MD = -2.22 [-3.96, -0.47] mm, p = .019). Exercise intensity (p = .033) and duration (p = .013) moderated food intake only in youth with overweight/obesity, indicating lower intake at high intensity and short duration. Overall, acute exercise does not lead to compensation of energy intake or a meaningful elevation of appetite or food reward and might have a modest benefit in youth with overweight/obesity if sufficiently intense. However, conclusions are limited by substantial methodological heterogeneity and the small number of trials employing high-intensity exercise, especially in youth with overweight/obesity.

The effect of acute aerobic exercise on stress related blood pressure responses: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Acute effects of exercise on postural stability have been studied with a focus on fatigue. This study investigated the acute effects of moderate-intensity exercise on center-of-pressure (COP) fluctuation measures in middle-aged and elderly women. Thirty-five healthy women volunteered: 18 women performed a moderate aquatic exercise session for 80 minutes and 17 remained calm in a sitting position for the same duration. Center-of-pressure fluctuations during quiet standing were recorded for 60 seconds with eyes open and closed before and after the exercise and sitting tasks. The time- and frequency-domain measures of the COP time series were calculated. The frequency-domain measures were also calculated for the COP velocity time series. According to 2-way analysis of variance and paired t-tests with a Bonferroni's correction, mean velocity of COP fluctuations, mean velocity of COP fluctuations in the medial-lateral (ML) direction, and total power of the COP velocity time series in the ML direction exhibited significant reductions after 1 session of exercise. These results indicated that a moderate-intensity aquatic exercise decreased COP velocity, counteracting age-related and fatigue-inducing postural deterioration. Therefore, we concluded that a single session of moderate-intensity aquatic exercise has acute positive effects on postural stability in middle-aged and elderly women.

Studies show that a single bout of exercise confers cognitive benefits. However, many individuals use psychoactive substances such as caffeine to enhance cognitive performance. The effects of acute exercise in comparison to caffeine on cognition remain unknown. Furthermore, caffeine use is associated with withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. Whether acute exercise can reduce withdrawal symptoms also remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise to caffeine on working memory (WM) and caffeine withdrawal symptoms (CWS). In Phase I, non-caffeine (n = 29) and caffeine consumers (n = 30) completed a WM assessment, followed by acute exercise and caffeine. In Phase II, caffeine consumers (n = 25) from Phase I underwent the WM assessment and reported CWS following a 12-hour deprivation period. Acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise and caffeine (1.2 mg/kg) significantly improved WM accuracy and reduced CWS comparably. WM performance was not reduced following caffeine deprivation.

the discovery of the ob gene only a little over 2 yr ago provided new insight into the mechanisms through which body weight and composition are regulated ([14][1]). Simply put, leptin, the product of the ob gene, is a hormone that communicates to the brain the amount of adipose tissue in the body.

Exercise could prevent physical and psychological deteriorations, especially during pandemic times of lock-down scenarios and social isolation. But to meet both, the common exercise protocols require optimization based on holistic investigations and with respect to underlying processes. This study aimed to explore individual chronic and acute effects of continuous and interval running exercise on physical and cognitive performance, mood, and affect and underlying neurophysiological factors during a terrestrial simulated space mission. Six volunteers (three females) were isolated for 120 days. Accompanying exercise training consisted of a continuous and interval running protocol in a cross-over design. Incremental stage tests on a treadmill were done frequently to test physical performance. Actigraphy was used to monitor physical activity level. Cognitive performance, mood (MoodMeter®), affect (PANAS), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and saliva cortisol were investigated prior to, four times during, and after isolation, pre- and post-exercise on two separate days, respectively. As a chronic effect, physical performance increased (and IGF-1 tended) in the course of isolation and training until the end of isolation. Subjective mood and affect state, as well as cognitive performance, basal BDNF and VEGF levels, were well-preserved across the intervention. No acute effects of exercise were detected, besides slower reaction time after exercise in two out of nine cognitive tests, testing sensorimotor speed and memory of complex figures. Consistently higher basal IGF-1 concentrations and faster reaction time in the psychomotor vigilance test were found for the continuous compared to the interval running protocol. The results suggest that 120 days of isolation and confinement can be undergone without cognitive and mental deteriorations. Regular, individual aerobic running training supporting physical fitness is hypothesized to play an important role in this regard. Continuous running exercise seems to trigger higher IGF-1 levels and vigilance compared to interval running. Systematic and prolonged investigations and larger sample size are required to follow up on exercise-protocol specific differences in order to optimize the exercise intervention for long-term psycho-physiological health and well-being.

The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the short-term effects of exercise of different intensities on energy intake. Eleven young men were submitted to three randomly assigned sessions (one control and two exercise sessions) in which they ate, ad libitum, foods from a buffet-type meal. The energy cost of exercise was the same in the two exercise sessions. Results showed that there was no significant change in post-exercise subjective levels of hunger and fullness as well as total energy and macronutrient intakes in comparison with the control session. However, when energy intake relative to expenditure was considered by subtracting the surplus of energy expended during exercise from total energy intake, high-intensity exercise exerted a greater reducing effect on this variable compared with the control and low-intensity exercise sessions. These results suggest that for a given level of energy expenditure, high-intensity exercise favours negative energy balance to a greater extent than low-intensity exercise.

Objective: The acute effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in young adults are well-established, yet the acute effects of exercise on cognitive function remain incompletely understood. We aimed to investigate the acute effects of 1-session aerobic exercise on cognitive functions in healthy young adults. This study involved 52 healthy young adults (24 males and 28 females) studying xxx Faculty xxx between xxx. Material and Method: The exercise routine consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, followed by a 20-minute period of increased intensity, and concluded with a 5-minute cool-down. We employed the Stroop Test to evaluate the participants' attention levels. In addition, the number sequence (SD) subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Generalized Form (WMS-G) was used to assess the participants' memory level pre- and post-exercise. Results: The mean age of the participants was 23.34±1.13 years. The participant showed significant improvement in stroop test times but not for number of correct and errors (Stroop 1, stroop 2, stroop 3, stroop 4, and stroop 5= p&lt; 0.0001, p&lt; 0.008, p&lt; 0.0001, p&lt; 0.0001, and p&lt; 0.001, respectively). The participant showed no significant improvement in WMS-G values (WMS-G normal and WMS-G reverse= p&gt;0.308 and p &gt;0.329). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise has been found to potentially have beneficial effects on cognitive abilities in young adults, even after a single session. Clinicians in the field of cognitive rehabilitation may enhance treatment outcomes by incorporating aerobic activities into rehabilitation programmes. Further studies with large sample groups and different types of aerobic exercises (swimming, running, etc.) are important to more clearly demonstrate the acute effects of aerobic exercises on cognitive functions.

While energy intake and energy expenditure have long been studied independently, the alarming progression of obesity has led to a more integrative approach to energy balance considering their potential interactions. Although the available literature concerned with the effect of chronic and acute exercise on energy intake and appetite control in adults is considerable, these questions remain less explored among children and adolescents. Based on the search of four databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library; articles published until May 2018), the objective of this review is to summarize and discuss the effect of acute and chronic physical exercise on energy intake and appetite control in children and adolescents with obesity, and to identify the physiological and neurocognitive signals and pathways involved. Evidence suggested that acute intensive exercise has the potential to reduce subsequent energy intake in children and adolescents with obesity but not healthy weight, through both peripheral (mainly gastro-peptides) and neurocognitive (neural responses to food cues) pathways. The nutritional responses to chronic physical activity remain less clear and require further consideration, especially from an anti-obesity perspective.