Abstract
The number of local small farms in the USA is on the rise due to a consumer demand for locally grown produce such as tomatoes. These farms often use small walk-behind tractors, but most field activities are still performed by hand requiring heavy physical labor. Recent efforts from USDA have been encouraging producers to adopt no-till techniques using cover crops for benefits such as reduced runoff and soil erosion, increased infiltration and water holding capacity, increased soil organic carbon, decreased soil compaction and improved weed control. However, lack of specialized no-till equipment inhibits widespread adoption of cover crops. To help small farms reduce hand labor and adoption of conservation systems with cover crops, no-till equipment such as a no-till drill, powered roller/crimper, and no-till transplanter have been developed for walk-behind tractors at the National Soil Dynamics Laboratory in Auburn (AL, USA). A replicated three-year field test (2017–2019) was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of the experimental powered coulter drill to plant cereal rye cover crop (Secale cereale, L.), patented powered roller/crimper to terminate rye, and transplanting cash crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings with a patented no-till transplanter. These three pieces of equipment were compatible with BCS 853 walk-behind tractor. The experiment was conducted on two different soils: Hiwassee sandy loam soil and Davidson clay to determine the performance of developed machines under different soil types. Results have shown that the powered coulter drill generated effective rye seed emergence (83%) for optimum biomass production. The experimental powered roller/crimper generated 95% rye termination rate three weeks after rolling, and the no-till transplanter performed as anticipated providing less than 10% variation of plant spacing uniformity. Tomato yield varied among years ranging from 15.9 Mg ha−1 to 28.3 Mg ha−1 and was related to different soil and weather conditions at each growing season. Numerically higher tomato yield on Davidson clay might be associated with less insect/pathogen pressure, higher plant available water, and reduced weed pressure due to greater cereal rye biomass production. Results from this experiment indicate that developed experimental equipment can be a practical solution for small no-till farming operations with cover crops.
Highlights
The number of local urban farms producing fruit and vegetables for local farmers’ markets the in USA is on the rise
Widespread adoption of conservation farming systems in small US farms are hindered by lack of small machineries for no-till drilling, crimping cover crops and no-till transplanting
To help small farms reduce hand labor and adoption of conservation systems with cover crops, no-till equipment such as a no-till drill, powered roller/crimper, and no-till transplanter have been developed for walk-behind tractors at the USDA, NSDL
Summary
The number of local urban farms producing fruit and vegetables for local farmers’ markets the in USA is on the rise. Agriculture 2020, 10, 595 these multiple benefits that cover crops can provide include weed suppression due to mulching and allelopathic effects, increased water infiltration and water holding capacity, increased soil organic carbon, reduced soil erosion, runoff, and soil compaction. To optimize these benefits, cover crops must be terminated at the appropriate growth stage and managed appropriately, which involves flattening down and crimping with rollers/crimpers as a preferred method of mechanical termination [2,3]
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