Abstract
Simple SummaryHorses are required to perform a wide variety of activities. Training a horse for these activities may influence the horse’s perception of and reactions to different stimuli. This study investigated the reactivity and emotional responses of horses involved by humans in different equine activities (dressage, jumping, eventing and equine-assisted activity/therapy) by studying their physiological and behavioral responses to different stimuli. A test setting with five phases was created to test equine responses to five different stimuli and compare these responses among horses from the different disciplines. It was demonstrated that the horses involved in the different activities had different responses, both physiologically and behaviorally, to the studied stimuli. These findings suggest that training a horse for a specific activity modifies the perception of stimuli and the strategies that the horse uses to balance its emotional state. Thus, horses involved in different activities probably behave differently according to their training. Such information is of great importance in improving training methods, with the aim of increasing equine welfare.The learning and cognitive challenges that horses may face differ according to the activities in which they are involved. The aim of this investigation was to study the influence of equine activities on the behavioral responses and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity of adult horses. Forty-one horses were divided into four groups: dressage (9), jumping (10), eventing (13) and equine-assisted activity/therapy (9). A test was created to compare the horses’ behavioral and physiological responses to different stimuli. The goal was always to obtain a treat. To study the ANS activity, heart rate variability was assessed using the standard deviation of the R-R intervals (SDNN), square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between successive interbeat-intervals (RMSSD) and low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF). To assess behavioral responses, video analysis was performed considering the following behaviors: exploration, interactions with another horse, and latency to approach. Significant differences in SDNN (DF = 3; F = 3.36; p = 0.0202), RMSSD (DF = 3; F = 4.09; p = 0.0078), LF/HF (DF = 3; F = 4.79; p = 0.0031), exploration (DF = 3; F = 5.79; p = 0.0013) and latency to approach (DF = 3; F = 8.97; p < 0.0001) were found among horses from different equine activities. The activity that adult horses practice appears to influence behavioral and physiological responses to different stimuli, thus impacting equine welfare.
Highlights
The concept of animal welfare includes both physical and mental elements, suggesting that emotions are an important component of welfare [1,2]
Some horses in the original population did not achieve the goal within 5 min, so their data were removed from the statistical analysis considering Latency 1
The results obtained in this study have shown that equine behavioral and physiological responses can be influenced by the activities in which horses are involved
Summary
The concept of animal welfare includes both physical and mental elements, suggesting that emotions are an important component of welfare [1,2]. Animal emotions have been widely studied and many studies have investigated the influence of emotions on animal welfare [3,4,5]. Stress has often been associated with negative emotions [6], and the latter has been associated with poor animal welfare [1]. Some authors have suggested that horses from different activities might express their emotions through different behaviors [7,8]. Fear reactions differ between horses from different activities [9]. Jumping horses appear to be less reactive to frightening stimuli than dressage horses [9]
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