EPR of Fe3+ in andalusite and kyanite at V-band and the pair spectra

The Kwoiek Area of British Columbia contains a pendant or screen of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks almost entirely surrounded by a portion of the Coast Range Batholith, and intruded by several dozen stocks. The major metamorphic effects were produced by the quartz diorite batholithic rocks, with minor and later effects by the quartz diorite stocks. The sequence of important metamorphic reactions in the metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks, ranging in grade from chlorite to sillimanite, is: 1. chlorite + carbonate + muscovite → epidote + biotite 2. chlorite + carbonate → actinolite + epidote 3. chlorite + muscovite → garnet + biotite 4. chlorite + epidote → garnet + hornblende 5. chlorite + muscovite → garnet + staurolite + biotite 6. chlorite + muscovite → aluminum silicate + biotite 7. muscovite + staurolite → garnet + aluminum silicate + biotite 8. staurolite → garnet + aluminum silicate Continuous reactions, occurring between reactions 5 and 7, are: A. chlorite + (high Ti) biotite + Al2O3 (from plagioclase?)→ garnet + staurolite + (low Ti) biotite + O2 B. muscovite (phengitic) → garnet + staurolite +muscovite (less phengitic) + O2 (?) Detailed electron microprobe work on garnet, staurolite, biotite, and chlorite shows that: (1) The garnet porphyroblasts are zoned according to a depletion model, called the Rayleigh depletion model, which assumes equilibrium between the edge of a growing garnet and the minerals which are unzoned, notably biotite, chlorite, and muscovite, but which assumes disequilibrium within the garnet. (2) The staurolite porphyroblasts are also zoned, and from their zoning patterns reactions A, B, and 5 are documented. Progressive reduction of iron with increasing grade of metamorphism is also inferred from the staurolite zoning patterns. (3) During a late period of falling temperature garnet continued to grow and the biotite and chlorite reequilibrated. The biotite, chlorite, and garnet edge compositions can vary from point to point in a given thin section, indicating that the volume of equilibrium at the final stage of metamorphism was only a few cubic microns. (4) The horizon within the garnet that grew at maximum temperature can be identified. The Mg/Fe ratio of this horizon, if the garnet composition is a limiting composition in the Al2O3 - K2O - FeO - MgO tetrahedron, increases systematically with increasing metamorphic grade. Biotite and chlorite compositions also show a general increase in Mg/Fe ratio with increasing metamorphic grade, but staurolite appears to show the reverse effect. (5) The Mg/Fe ratio at the maximum temperature horizon of the garnet porphyroblasts is a function of its Mn content as evidenced from the study of five garnet-bearing rocks, collected from one outcrop area, with the same assemblage but with differing proportions of minerals. An important implication of zoned minerals is that the effective composition of a system in a phase lies on the join between the homogeneous minerals (if there are two) and not within three-or- four-phase fields when a zoned mineral, such as garnet or staurolite, is present in the assemblage. Study of the three aluminum silicates found in the Kwoiek Area showed that a constant pressure change in polymorphs from andalusite to kyanite to sillimanite took place with increasing temperature. This transition series is best explained by the metastable formation of andalusite. Photographic materials on pages 15, 121, 160, 162, and 164 are essential and will not reproduce clearly on Xerox copies. Photographic copies should be ordered.

The paper describes the results obtained from the x-ray K-band spectra of Al for andalusite, sillimanite and kyanite. The fine structure of the aluminium K-band is correlated with the crystal structure of these minerals. It is considered that the difference between the energies of the K-and .KTjS'-lines depends on the distance between the aluminium and oxygen atoms. The energy differences between the Al and O atoms in andalusite, sillimanite and kyanite have been determined. The energy differences show a linear correlation to the known interatomic distances.

The PALMEIROPOLIS Cu-Zn (Pb) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Brazil, consists of three ore bodies enclosed by hydrothermal alteration zones. The ore bodies and the alteration zones were metamorphosed under amphibolite fades conditions. The Palmeirdpolis alteration zones are characterized by a great diversity of bulk rock composition that originated a wide variety of low variance mineral assemblages. These assemblages are composed of orthoamphiboles (anthophyllite and gedrite), hornblende, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite, gahnite and, rarer, cordierite. Based on analyses of mineral chemistry aad mineral assemblages, temperatures are estimated to have been 550 - 625°C and pressures 2 - 5.5 kbar. The temperature of metamorphism that prevailed at the Palmeirdpolis deposit is comparable to other amphibolite fades massive sulfide deposits, such as Geco and Linda, Canada; Falun, Sweden; and Bleikvassli, Norway. The mineralogy of the alteration zones is similar in all these deposits even though they were metamorphosed at different pressure conditions, reflected by the crystallization of one of Al2 SiO5 phase (andalusite, sillimanite or kyanite).

Andalusite in California and kyanite in North Carolina

Adsorption of lead(II) as a major heavy metal pollutant onto nano-adsorbents of Andalusite, Kyanite and Sillimanite was studied in a batch system. Nano­-adsorbents were prepared via crushing, using a planetary ball mill and then characterized by different analyses such as: SEM, XRD, XRF and FT-IR. Major factors affecting the adsorption process were studied including pH, adsorbents dosage, initial metal concentration and temperature. Afterward, the adsorption process was studied isothermally, kinetically, and thermodynamically. The results show that aluminum silicates polymorphs are efficient adsorbents for removal of lead(II) and the removal exceeds 90%. The Freundlich isotherm model was best fitted with the experimental data. Chemisorption may control the rate of adsorption due to following the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic investigation proved low randomness, exothermic and spontaneous nature of the process.

Kyanite, sillimanite and andalusite

LTE (long-term evolution) is an evolution of GSM (global system for mobile communications) and UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system). LTE introduces a new radio access network that implements technologies, which provide higher data rates, improvements in efficiency and quality of service, lower costs, and integration with existing open standards. The LTE radio access network is connected with a core network known as SAE (system architecture evolution) that implements flat network architecture and is exclusively packet switched. Peak data rates of 100 Mb/sec on the downlink and 50 Mb/sec on the uplink within a 20 MHz spectrum allocation. Control plane capable of carrying signalization for 200 simultaneously active users for spectrum allocations up to 5 MHz and for at least 400 users for higher spectrum allocations. Switch time between idle and active state shorter than 100 msec. Radio access network latency below 10 msec. Spectral efficiency 5 bit/sec/Hz on the downlink and 2.5 bit/sec/Hz on the uplink. Radio access network optimized for mobile user speeds up to 15 km/hr. The system should support high performance for speeds up to 120 km/hr. Links should be maintained at speeds up to 350 km/hr or up to 500 km/hr depending on the frequency band. The system should support the targeted performance within a 5-km range. A slight degradation in performance is tolerated within a 30-km range. Ranges up to 100 km or even more should not be precluded by the specifications. Enhanced broadcast and multicast transmissions compared to HSPA standards. Scalable bandwidth allocation of 1.25 MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz. Bandwidths narrower than 5 MHz enable a smooth transition to the spectrum of the previous generations of mobile systems. Deployment in frequency bands of the previous generations of mobile systems: 450 MHz, 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1600 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100 MHz, and others. Because a large set of frequency bands is available, global roaming will be possible. Support for paired and unpaired spectrum for FDD (frequency division duplex), TDD (time division duplex) and the combination of both. The advantage of combined •

In this paper, we study the identification of acoustic noise spectra in induction motors by using a recently developed frequency-domain cross-power spectrum estimation algorithm. This algorithm is a noniterative high-resolution spectral estimator. In a test rig, from multiple experiments sound data are collected by an array of five-microphones placed hemispherically around motors in a reverberant and noisy room. In order to explore the issue of assembly micromisalignments, each motor is removed from the test rig and then replaced, after which the experiment is then repeated. The identification algorithm is used to detect changes in acoustic noise spectra of induction motors due to mechanical and electrical faults most frequently encountered in industry. Not only the autopower spectra of the individual microphones, but also the cross-power spectra of the microphone pairs are estimated. As a byproduct, it is demonstrated that one microphone is sufficient to identify noise spectra. The estimated acoustic spectra, or more compactly statistics extracted from them, can be used in the development of preventive maintenance programs for induction motors in service.

The light of a distant quasar can be affected by deflection and absorption by intervening galaxy systems. One example of strong absorption is the damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) system towards the quasar PKS0458-020, in which HI Lyman-alpha is also detected in emission in the center of the damped Lyman-alpha absorption trough. We estimate the star formation rate of the DLA galaxy to be 1.6 M_sun/year. The associated metal lines are found to be blueshifted compared to the Lyman-alpha emission up to a maximum of 100 and 200km/s. This can be interpreted either as the consequence of rotation in a large disk (~7kpc) or as the imprint of a galactic wind. In a similar study, the analysis of Lyman-alpha and metal absorption lines in the spectra of the quasar pair Q 0037-3544 and Q 0037-3545 reveal the spatial extent of absorbing structures. We obtained deep images of the field around the two quasars that allow us to identify galaxies at redshifts corresponding to the observed absorptions, indicating that the absorbing structures extend over a distance of 760kpc. The effect of quasar light deflection is analyzed by studying the variability of the wide separation quintuple gravitational lensed quasar SDSS J1004+4112. Four years of optical monitoring were obtained for the four brightest images. These light curves allow the measurement of the differences in the light arrival times, the time delay, between the images. The measured time delay between the image pair B and A is 40.6+-1.8 days and between images C and A 821.6+-2.1 days (2.3 years). The time delay between the images C and A is the longest measured time delay in a gravitationally lensed quasar so far. A lower limit on the remaining delay between image A and D of 1250 days is derived. We detect microlensing and characterize the intrinsic variability of the quasar.

In this work, we present experiments and corresponding numerical calculations on second-harmonic generation from metamaterial arrays. Measuring the absolute extinction-cross-section spectra of individual split-ring resonators and pairs of split-ring resonators reveals a deeper understanding of the electromagnetic coupling. Furthermore, we could map the near-fields of a split-ring resonator on the nanometer-scale by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy.

Different properties of recently introduced Paired Haar transform have been shown. Nonpolynomial Haar Pxpansion of incompletely specified Boolean functions has been presented. Based on the above properties and expansion some applications of Paired Haar spectrum have been proposed. Algorithm for the calculation of Haar Pair spectrum from disjoint cubes for systems of incompletely specified Boolean functions has also been developed.

The optimal Bayesian Classifier is often difficult to implement because of its complexity. For Gaussian parameters, the Bayes decision rule reduces to a simple centroid distance rule. However, the centroid distance rule fails for non-Gaussian parameters with non-convex probability density functions (p.d.f.). This paper studies some statistical properties of Line Spectrum Pairs (LSP). These statistical properties can be used to study the convexity of LSP point clusters in pattern recognition applications.