Enzymatic responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to oxytetracycline medicated feed

The protective effects of dietary garlic on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to ambient ammonia toxicity

Heredity of stress-related cortisol response in androgenetic common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.)

Dietary β-glucan stimulate complement and C-reactive protein acute phase responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during an Aeromonas salmonicida infection

Rosemary leaf powder improved growth performance, immune and antioxidant parameters, and crowding stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings

Exposure to benzo(a)pyrene interfered with cell composition and immune ability of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) intestine through inducing cell heterogeneous responses

Early mucosal responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila

Application of dietary feed additives is an excellent approach to improve fish health status under different stressful condition. The current study investigated the roles of different level of dietary gallic acid (GA) on growth performances, biochemical indices, digestive enzymes activity, antioxidant status and immunological responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) subjected to crowding stress. Fish were fed with the control diet (0 mg/kg GA) and four graded levels of GA (150, 300, 450 and 600 mg/kg) for 60 days each with three replicates. Moreover, fish were challenged with crowding stress for six hours. The results revealed significant improvement in growth performances, immune indices in common carp fed with dietary GA in comparison to the control diet. The study also demonstrated significant improvement feed utility through enhanced activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and protease) by dietary GA provision. Moreover, dietary GA noticeably enhanced the antioxidant status of common carp by improving superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and lowering malondiadehyde specially after exposure to crowding stress. Considering these results, the current study reveals that dietary GA at the concentration of 450 mg/kg can successfully improve growth performances, biochemical indices, digestive enzymes activity, antioxidant status and immunological responses in common carp.

Trichlorfon exposure in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) leads to oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and immune responses

This study was done to evaluate the effect of different quercetin levels on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant status, serum biochemical factors, and high-temperature stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total number of 216 common carp with an average weight of 27.21 ± 53 g were divided into 12 tanks (four treatments × three replications) and fed 0 mg/kg quercetin (T0), 200 mg/kg quercetin (T1), 400 mg/kg quercetin (T2), and 600 mg/kg quercetin (T3) for 60 days. There were significant differences in growth performance, and the highest final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed intake (FI) were observed in T2 and T3 (P < 0.05). Different quercetin levels significantly increased complement pathway activity (ACH50) and lysozyme activity both before and after heat stress (P < 0.05). Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in fish exposed to heat stress, but fish fed with a supplemented diet with quercetin showed the lowest levels both before and after heat stress (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly enhanced in fish fed diets supplemented with quercetin in both phases (P < 0.05). Different quercetin levels led to a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) before and after the challenging test (P < 0.05). Glucose and cortisol levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the other treatments in both phases (P < 0.05). The expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lysozyme was markedly upregulated in fish fed with quercetin-supplemented diets (P < 0.05). No marked effects were observed for growth hormone (GR) and interleukin-8 (IL8) (P > 0.05). In conclusion, dietary quercetin supplementations (400-600 mg/kg quercetin) improved growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant status and increased tolerance to heat stress.

Cytokines' gene expression, humoral immune and biochemical responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758) to transportation density and recovery in brackish water

Biochemical, physiological and morfological responses in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) after long-term exposure to terbutryn in real environmental concentration

Response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to supplemental DL-methionine and different feeding strategies

This study characterized changes in biomarker responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) upon exposure to effluent water discharged from a sewage treatment plant (STP) under real conditions. Fish were exposed to contamination in Cezarka pond, which receives all of its water input from the STP in the town of Vodnany, Czech Republic. Five sampling events were performed at day 0, 30, 90, 180, and 360 starting in April 2015. In total, 62 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were detected in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Compared to a control pond, the total concentration of PPCPs was 45, 16, 7, and 7 times higher in Cezarka pond at day 30, 90, 180, and 360, respectively. The result of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme biomarkers indicated alterations in the liver and intestine tissues of fish from Cezarka pond at day 30 and 360, respectively. High plasma vitellogenin levels were observed in both exposed females (180 and 360 days) and males (360 days) compared with their respective controls. However, only exposed female fish had higher vitellogenin mRNA expression than the control fish in these periods. Exposed female fish showed irregular structure of the ovary with scattered oocytes, which further developed to a vitellogenic stage at day 360. Low white blood cell levels were indicated in all exposed fish. Despite numerous alterations in exposed fish, favorable ecological conditions including high availability of food resulted in a better overall condition of the exposed fish after 1 year of exposure compared to the controls.

Despite the rapid increase of nanotechnology in a wide array of industrial sectors, the biosafety profile of nanomaterials remains undefined. The accelerated use of nanomaterials has increased the potential discharge of nanomaterials into the environment in different ways. The aquatic environment is mainly susceptible as it is likely to act as an ultimate sink for all contaminants. Therefore, this study assessed the toxicological impacts of waterborne engineered copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) on histology, lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels in the gills of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Nanoparticles were characterized by XRD and SEM techniques. Before starting the sub-acute toxicity testing, 96 h LC50 of Cu-NPs for C. carpio was calculated as 4.44 mg/l. Then based on LC50, C. carpio of 40–45 g in weight were exposed to three sub-lethal doses of waterborne engineered Cu-NPs (0 or 0.5 or 1 or 1.5 mg/l) for a period of 14 days. The waterborne Cu-NPs have appeared to induce alterations in gill histology and oxidative stress parameters in a dose-dependent manner. The gill tissues showed degenerative secondary lamellae, necrotic lamella, fused lamella, necrosis of the primary and secondary lamella, edema, complete degeneration, epithelial lifting, degenerative epithelium, and hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner. In the gill tissues, waterborne Cu-NPs caused a decreased level of CAT and elevated levels of LPO, and GSH in the fish exposed to the highest dose of 1.5 mg Cu-NPs/l of water. Our results indicate that the exposure to waterborne Cu-NPs was toxic to the aquatic organisms as shown by the oxidative stresses and histological alterations in C. carpio, a freshwater fish of good economic value.

The influence of cortisone on leucocytes composition in the blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is studied. Following the hormone injection, the relative number of leucocytes decreased and the number of neutrophils and blast-form cells increased in the leucocyte spectrum of experimental fish.