Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Solanesyl Oleate in Compressed Carbon Dioxide Medium

Methane hydrate exists in huge amounts in certain locations, in sea sediments and the geological structures below them, at low temperature and high pressure. Production methods are in development to produce the methane to a floating platform. There it can be reformed to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, in an endothermic process. Some of the methane can be burned to provide heat energy to develop all needed power on the platform and to support the reforming process. After separation, the hydrogen is the valuable and transportable product. All carbon dioxide produced on the platform can be separated from other gases and then sequestered in the sea as carbon dioxide hydrate. In this way, hydrogen is made available without the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the hydrogen could be an enabling step toward a world hydrogen economy.

Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) spectra of the Fermi‐dyad ν1/2ν2 Q‐branches were recorded in subcritical (T = 30.5 °C) carbon dioxide imbedded in a nano‐porous glass (NG) matrix with pore size of 4 nm and in bulk. The spectral broadening of liquid carbon dioxide confined inside the pores is essentially not homogeneous in contrast to the case of the unconfined one. Analysis shows that the spectral line shape is defined by two resonant contributions provided by the core bulk molecules and those near the surface layer inside the NG pores as well as by nonresonant contributions of the glass matrix. The spectrum attributed to the molecules from near‐surface layer has several times greater linewidth and is shifted to the low‐wavenumber side in comparison with the spectrum in the bulk. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The increasing global demand for heavy oil and bitumen underscores the need for innovative extraction techniques that address the challenges of high viscosity and low mobility. Traditional steam injection methods have been effective, but they are criticized for excessive water usage and significant carbon dioxide emissions. In response, this study investigates the use of terpenes─specifically limonene, citronella, turpentine, and beta-pinene─as sustainable and environmentally friendly solvents, comparing their performance with that of toluene, a commonly used but toxic solvent. This research involved 11 core flooding experiments using three different heavy oil samples (O1, O2, and O3) to assess the solvency and recovery efficiency of terpenes. Each experiment aimed to evaluate how terpenes influence oil recovery under varying conditions of steam and carbon dioxide injection and varying oil viscosities. Produced oil and water samples were collected at 20 min intervals and analyzed for emulsion stability and oil quality using TGA/DSC, while displacement efficiency was assessed through spent rock analysis. Results demonstrated that limonene, beta-pinene, and turpentine achieved oil recovery efficiencies comparable to toluene, approximately 75%, confirming their effectiveness as organic solvents. All terpenes acted as demulsifiers, enhancing the quality of the oil during production. Additionally, the study found that while steam-solvent injection negatively impacted oil recovery, carbon dioxide proved to be an effective secondary agent for enhancing oil production in lower-viscosity oils without compromising oil quality. The study concludes that terpenes hold promise as safe, effective, and sustainable solvents for heavy oil recovery. Their nontoxic nature, ease of handling, and effective performance position them as viable alternatives to conventional, harmful solvents like toluene. Furthermore, the use of carbon dioxide as a secondary injection medium offers a method to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact, reinforcing the potential of terpene-based solvents in environmentally conscious heavy oil recovery practices. This research contributes valuable insights into the adoption of green solvents for advancing sustainable extraction methods.

Phase equilibrium data (p, T, y) for the binary systems of carbon dioxide + dimethyl carbonate and carbon dioxide + ethyl methyl carbonate were obtained. All systems were measured for isotherms ranging from 298.2 K to 328.2 K with pressure ranging between 0.13 MPa and 10.6 MPa. A static equilibrium technique was established with samples quantified using an offline method. The results were modeled using the Peng–Robinson equation of state with van der Waals one-fluid mixing rules.Graphical

Adsorption artificial tree for atmospheric carbon dioxide capture, purification and compression

The use of carbon dioxide for the production of polylactic acid foams has been increasingly studied recently. Much of the reported work has used supercritical carbon dioxide as a processing or foaming medium. However, a new foaming process which uses sub-critical liquid carbon dioxide conditions has been developed by the Biopolymer Network Limited. It is generally recognised that processing crystalline thermoplastics, including crystalline polylactic acid polymers, into foam products using carbon dioxide is difficult due to lower solubility of liquid carbon dioxide in polymers and the increased polymer rigidity hindering the expansion of the polymer matrix. However, fundamental studies, and the associated knowledge of the foaming mechanisms at play, have allowed some new approaches to be developed within sub-critical carbon dioxide conditions which overcome many of these difficulties in polylactic acid foams. In this study, several commercially available grades of polylactic acid, ranging from crystalline to amorphous, were processed using carbon dioxide via the Biopolymer Network Limited process (sub-critical carbon dioxide). By adequately adjusting the process parameters, different crystalline grades were successfully foamed to low density. The resulting foams exhibited low to high levels of crystallinity, and consequently displayed varying thermal or physical properties. Cellular structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Crystallinity and thermal behaviour of the foamed samples were characterised using differential scanning calorimetry. Mechanical properties and dimensional stability were also investigated. It was shown that the selection of polylactic acid feedstock, and its associated processing conditions, had a significant impact on the final quality and properties of the foams.

Polymerization of euphorbia oil with Lewis acid in carbon dioxide media

Journal Article Control of Insects and Mites with Carbon Dioxide in Wheat Stored at Cool Temperatures In Nonairtight Bins Get access N. D.G. White, N. D.G. White Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M9, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. S. Jayas D. S. Jayas Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M9, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 84, Issue 6, 1 December 1991, Pages 1933–1942, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/84.6.1933 Published: 01 December 1991 Article history Received: 04 September 1990 Accepted: 19 June 1991 Published: 01 December 1991

Preliminary design and performance assessment of compressed supercritical carbon dioxide energy storage system

Bubble-point measurement for the binary mixture of propargyl acrylate and propargyl methacrylate in supercritical carbon dioxide

Partition coefficients of methyl methacrylate and acetone between some polymer and compressed gaseous carbon dioxide phases were determined by an in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method with a special designed high pressure IR cell at 318.2 K and 2.0−7.0 MPa. At the same temperature and pressure, the partition coefficient for methyl methacrylate was higher than that for acetone between the same polymer and subcritical carbon dioxide. For most solute/polymer/CO2 systems, the partition coefficient of solute between the polymer and compressed gaseous carbon dioxide decreased with the pressure increase. Only for a methyl methacrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate)/CO2 system, the partiton coefficient was not sensitive to the pressure change at pressures lower than 3.9 MPa. A linear solvation free energy relationship was used to estimate the main tendency of the pressure dependency. With the pressure dependent polarizability−dipolarity parameter of carbon dioxide, the calculated results were in accord with some experimental results.

Carbon dioxide corrosion is one of the most common reasons for the failure of oil-production equipment. This issue is very urgent for the Russian Federation where the carbon dioxide content is high in the oilfield medium of the most production fields. The paper deals with the obtaining of information on the basic issues of development of tube steels resistant to the carbon dioxide corrosion: the type and the level of alloying of steels reducing carbon dioxide corrosion lower than 0.2 mm per year; the influence of high content of corrosive H 2 S and Cl - components in the carbon dioxide medium on the mechanism and kinetics of corrosion failure. To get this information, the authors carried out pilot tests maximally proximal to operating conditions. Oil-well tubing was tested on seven working wells with intermittent monitoring of pipe condition. The authors carried out field tests of oil-and-gas tubing on testing field of Priobskoye production field consisting of operating oil-pipeline, parallel with which a bypass line made of pipes of experimental steels was mounted. The production fields and wells where the oilfield media have high CO 2 content and the intensive carbon dioxide corrosion is manifested were used for the tests. In most cases, they are the production fields where the carbon dioxide medium is additionally saturated with the corrosive H 2 S and Сl - components. The authors divided steels under the study in two groups: steels with high chromium content (≈4.6 %) forming the passivating film when in operation and low-alloyed tube steels (Cr≤0.6 %). The tests show that: - high-chromium 15H5MFBCh steel is resistant to carbon dioxide corrosion even in carbon dioxide media with high H 2 S and Cl - content; - the high chlorine content in oilfield media intensifies corrosion failure and promotes the transition to more aggressive forms of local corrosion in low-alloyed tube steels; - according to the increase of resistance to carbon dioxide corrosion, the steels under the study can be arranged in the following sequence: 09G2Sà13HFAà08HMFAà15H5MFBCh.

Two component mixtures, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol (MMB)+carbon dioxide and 1-methoxy-2-methyl-2-propanol (MMP)+carbon dioxide, were investigated at 313.2, 333.2, 353.2, 373.2 and 393.2 K and at 4.29 to 20.95 MPa to get phase equilibrium data. The phase separation of vapor+liquid behavior for the MMB and MMP plays a momentous function as the organic solvent in a diversity of industrial processes. The two MMB+carbon dioxide and MMP+carbon dioxide components have mixture critical curves that have maxima in the p-T plot between the Tc (critical temperatures) of MMB and carbon dioxide or MMP and carbon dioxide. The two component systems of MMB+ carbon dioxide and MMP+carbon dioxide mixture display type-I in simplest behavior. The measured results for the two component mixtures, MMB+carbon dioxide and MMP+carbon dioxide, are modelled with a general cubic equation of state, the Peng-Robinson, containing the kij, ηij adjustable factor.

Presentation of an Insufflator-Instillator and the Use of It

The application of carbon dioxide as the refrigerant in vehicle air conditioning requires the development of a suitable lubricant for the quickly rotating compressor. The phase behavior of different synthetic lubricants with carbon dioxide forms the basis for developing a CO 2 - cooling circuit. Furthermore, the influence of carbon dioxide upon the viscosity of the oil is essential for evaluating a lubricant. These data of the binary mixtures have been measured at temperatures between 5 and 100 °C under pressures of up to 150 bar. The qualitative observation of phase behavior took place in a high-pressure view cell, whose complete content is monitored. The phase equilibria have been determined in an autoclave based on a static-analytical method. The viscosity of the lubricant which is saturated with carbon dioxide has been measured with an integrated quartz viscosimeter. The phase behavior of oils with carbon dioxide can be divided into three different types: binary systems with closed miscibility gaps, systems with open miscibility gaps, and systems that show barotropic phenomena. Oils that show barotropic behavior in contact with compressed carbon dioxide are not recommended as lubricants. Oils with complete or limited miscibility with carbon dioxide may be used. The knowledge of phase behavior and the resulting viscosity of gas-saturated lubricants allow one to evaluate the applicability of lubricants in carclimatization systems.