Environmental Stress in Wild Armored Catfish Pterygoplichthys spp. Through CYP1A Gene Expression

To investigate the pollution status, sources, and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in surface waters of low-latitude plateau lakes in China, monthly sampling and analysis of surface water 16 PAHs mass concentrations, composition characteristics, and spatiotemporal distribution were conducted in Qilu Lake in the central region of Yunnan Province from January to December 2024. The study quantitatively analyzed the pollution sources and relative contributions of PAHs detected and assessed their ecological risks in Qilu Lake. The findings revealed that 13 PAHs were detected in varying degrees in the surface water of Qilu Lake during both the rainy and dry seasons, with a predominance of three-ring structures. During the rainy season, the total mass concentrations of 16PAHs ranged from undetected ( below the method detection limit, same below ) to 198.42 ngL-1( average 49.11 ngL-1), while during the dry season, it ranged from undetected to 213.38 ngL-1( average 63.79 ngL-1). The highest individual mass concentrations were found for Phe ( 49.94 ngL-1) and Ace ( 43.63 ngL-1). The average mass concentration of PAHs at all sampling points was higher in the dry season ( 63.79 ngL-1) compared to the rainy season ( 49.11 ngL-1). Spatial distribution showed that during the rainy season, PAHs mass concentrations were highest at Lake Management Station S2 ( 55.39 ngL-1), followed by Majiawan S3 ( 41.19 ngL-1), and then Lake Center S1 ( 34.60 ngL-1). In contrast, during the dry season, the order was Majiawan S3 ( 61.00 ngL-1) > Lake Management Station S2 ( 57.26 ngL-1) > Lake Center S1 ( 51.85 ngL-1). Positive Matrix Factorization ( PMF ) results indicate that during the rainy season, the surface water of Qilu Lake mainly sources PAHs from industrial sources ( contributing 31.9% ) and the volatilization leakage and combustion emissions of crude oil products ( contributing 29.5% ). In contrast, during the dry season, the primary sources are a mixture of coal and biomass combustion ( contributing 55.0% ) and biomass combustion alone ( contributing 25.2% ). Additionally, based on ecological risk assessment using the Risk Quotient ( RQ ), Ace, Flu, and Ant are identified as the main ecological risk factors for Qilu Lake. During the dry season, all sampling points and a specific points during the rainy season exhibit occasional moderate ecological risks. Overall, PAHs in the water body are at low to moderate ecological risk levels and require attention. In the context of heightened national focus on new pollutant management, traditional persistent organic pollutants such as PAHs still warrant continuous monitoring.

The authors conducted the present study to expose the level of environmental risk of two rivers through the distribution of PAHs in their water bodies and sediment. The studied rivers are the Mboppi River and the Ngoua River, all in Douala, Cameroon; the first being in a commercial zone, while the second is in an industrial area. Samples of water and sediments were collected during the dry and rainy seasons. The total concentrations of PAHs in sediment from the Ngoua River ranged from 140.42 \(\mu\)g.g-1 to 229.47 \(\mu\)g.g-1 dry matter in sediment during the rainy season and from 48.89 \(\mu\)g.g-1 to 333.49 \(\mu\)g.g-1 dry matter in sediment during the dry season. The analysis of the extracts from water samples shows a range of 29.13–461.94 \(\mu\)g.L-1 for the total concentration of PAHs in the Ngoua River. All samples showed the predominance of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs due to industrial activities. Principal component analysis (PCA) also showed remarkable differences in the characteristics of samples collected upstream and downstream of Nettoycam Company along the Ngoua River or Mboppi Market along the Mboppi River, their location, and also of samples from rainy and dry seasons. PAHs of 2 or 3 rings exhibit low concentrations and are even undetectable in certain sediment samples, while they are present in water samples from both rivers. All the studied media (water and sediment) from the studied rivers are all environmentally risky. The toxicity assessment through the determination of the Toxicity Equivalent (TEQ) concentration revealed that.

The Mallorquín swamp is an ecologically significant area and a strategic ecosystem, providing environmental goods and services to the surrounding communities. However, it is subject to substantial pollutant loads that affect its water quality. The objective of this study was to assess the current water quality of the Mallorquín swamp and the León stream using physico- chemical, microbiological parameters, and water quality indices. Three monitoring campaigns were conducted, representing the rainy, transitional, and dry seasons. For the León stream, five monitoring sites were established, while nine sites were defined for the Mallorquín swamp. Water sampling was carried out fo- llowing Standard Methods in heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and emerging contaminants (ECs) were analyzed. The results showed that for the León stream, pH was influenced by the sampling season, with values ranging from 6.6 to 7.5 during the rainy season, significantly lower than those in the transitional and dry seasons (7.6 - 7.8). In the Mallorquín swamp, electrical conductivity was significantly lower during the rainy season (33.4 mS/cm) compared to the transitional (54.4 mS/cm) and dry seasons (51.8 mS/cm). Both water bodies were dominated by total dissolved solids, with con- centrations ranging from 456 to 2755 mg/L for the León stream and from 16286 to 97113 mg/L for the Mallorquín swamp. Se- ttleable solids ranged between < 0.1 and 1.0 mL/L, while total suspended solids concentrations ranged from 22 to 321 mg/L, with an overall average of 103 mg/L. Ammoniacal nitrogen and Kjeldahl organic nitrogen were the dominant nitrogen species in the León stream, with 19.89 and 23.31 mg/L averages. At the same time, nitrates were dominant in the Mallorquín swamp with a mean concentration of 4.31 mg/L. 23 Capítulo 1: Evaluación de la Calisas del Agua de la Ciénaga Mallorquín y del Arroyo León, norte de Colombia The main pollutants in the León stream were Biochemical Oxy- gen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total coliforms, and Escherichia coli, with average concentrations of 103 ± 54 mg/L, 150 ± 105 mg/L, 2.1x106 ± 2.3x106 MPN/mL, and 6.6x105 ± 6.8x105 MPN/mL, respectively. In the Mallorquín swamp, the main pollutants were COD and total coliforms, with average concentrations of 58 ± 58 mg/L and 6.6x105 ± 1.1x106 MPN/mL, respectively. At some monitoring sites in the León stream and Mallorquín swamp, Cd concentrations were found between 0.003 and 0.005 mg/L, only during the rainy season. Additionally, As was detected at concentrations up to 1.6 mg/L in the León stream, exceeding the permissible limits for livestock and agricultural use established in Colombian regulations. PAHs and ECs such as methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide, tonalide, and bisphenol A were not detected in the water of either water body, while the detection frequencies for ECs such as naproxen, ibuprofen, caffeine, and heptachlor were 15, 13, 8, and 5%, res- pectively. The predominant categories for the ICA and ICOMO indices were “acceptable” and “good,” while for the ICOSUS, the cate- gories “very poor” and “poor” prevailed. The results demonstrate the organic and microbiological contamination of the Mallorquín swamp and the León stream, and the data obtained in this study constitute the first report of emerging contaminants in both water bodies.

Summary A total of 966 cichlids, Cichlasoma urophthalmus, was sampled from three karstic water bodies (cenotes) in the Yucatan Peninsula. Sex ratio was not different from 1. Specimens with ripe eggs were found during the dry and rainy seasons in the inland cenote and during the dry, rainy, and north winds seasons in the two wetland cenotes. With respect to relative fecundity, data show the C. urophthalmus inland population as two- to three-fold greater (53.1 ± 27.7) than the wetland populations (15.7 ± 5.1 and 18.2 ± 3.1). This is attributable to the different breeding strategies of C. urophthalmus populations inhabiting these two types of cenotes. In particular, the ichthyofauna from the two wetlands showed not only higher species richness (17 and 16 species) but also a higher number of potential predators (nine and eight species) as compared to the inland cenote (six species; two potential predators). It is hypothesized that C. urophthalmus adjusts its clutch size and extends its breeding periods as a response to riskier sites as compared to more secure ones; a higher competition for breeding sites and to increased fishing mortality.

The objective of the present study of monitoring is to point out the source and the distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in water and coastal sediments from the Ngoua River. This paper reports the identification and quantification of 15EPA-PAHs in water and sediments samples collected from Ngoua River in Douala – Cameroon. It was then needed to evaluate by identification and quantification of the PAHs pollution in the Ngoua River. Samples of water and sediments were collected during the dry and the rainy seasons. A total of Eight (8) samples were registered with 4 samples per season per substrate. Magnetic agitation was used to extract PAHs fraction from water with hexane as a solvent. PAHs were separated by using a chromatographic column, identified and quantified by using Gas Chromatography (GC/FID). The total concentration in sediment ranged from 140.42 \(\mu\)g/g to 229.47 \(\mu\)g/g dry matters during the rainy season and from 48.89 \(\mu\)g/g to 333.49 µg/g dry matters during the dry season. All samples showed the predominance of high Molecular Weight (HMW) PAHs due to industrial activities. At the upstream, the concentrations of PAHs were systematically lower than those found downstream indicating an influence of Nettoycam Company in the local pollution by PAHs. Principal component analysis (PCA) also showed remarkable differences of characteristics of samples collected upstream and downstream of Nettoycam Company, samples location and also of samples from rainy and dry seasons. The analyses of the extracts from water samples shows the range between 29.13 – 461.94 \(\mu\)g/L is the total concentration of PAHs in the river samples. PAHs of 2 or 3 rings exhibits low concentrations and even undetectable in certain samples. Independently from the seasonal variation, PAHs with more than four rings showed the highest concentrations in the river. A predominance of petroleum sources of hydrocarbons was observed through some ratios.

PAHs in sediments and shrimps: Levels, sources, and risk estimation in a tropical coastal lagoon system near oil industry.

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are known as persistent organic pollutants (POP) which exist in different media as contaminants in parts of the environment’s atmosphere, seawater, sediments, soils, and vegetation. PAHs have been known for their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and toxic properties to humans through the food chain. This study is aimed to characterize and investigate the distribution of PAHs in wet precipitations, surface waters, and soils from Ikot Abasi, Ibeno, and Eastern Obolo Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. PAHs were determined in the environmental components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Two soil and two surface water samples were taken from selected locations and wet precipitation samples were harvested on event basis from the study areas .The results reveal the presence of the following priority PAHs at different concentrations: naphthalene, (0.02-0.09 mg/L);benzo[k]fluoranthrene (0.001 -0.09 mg/L); benzo[e]pyrene (0.001-0.08 mg/L); benzo[a]pyrene (0.001 -0.09 mg/L) ; 3-methylcholanthrene (1.27-7.21 mg/L) during the rainy and dry seasons in Ikot Abasi. The concentrations of naphthalene ranges (0.02-0.06 mg/L), 3-methylcholanthrene ranges (2.40-3.65 mg/L), while other PAHs levels were below detection limits in rainwater from Ibeno in both seasons. The concentrations of naphthalene ranges (0.02-0.05 mg/L); 3-methylcholanthrene (2.30 – 5.65 mg/L), while other PAHs levels were below detection limits in rainwater from Eastern Obolo in both seasons The PAHs levels indicated were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) acceptable limit of PAHs (0.0007 mg/L) in drinking water. The PAHs detected in the surface waters were in the order: Ikot Abasi (11.09 ±0.02 mg/L) > Eastern Obolo (3.87± 0.002 mg/L) > Ibeno (1.94 ± 0.004 mg/L), during the rainy season, while the PAHs detected in the surface waters were in the order: Ikot Abasi (13.79 ± 0.03 mg/L) > Eastern Obolo (3.95± 0.008 mg/L) > Ibeno (2.45±0.011 mg/L), during the dry season. The PAHs obtained for the soils in the three study areas during the rainy season were in the order: Eastern Obolo (776 ± 5.92 ug/kg) > Ibeno (732 ± 8.33 ug/kg) > Ikot Abasi (8 ± 0.07 ug/kg), while, during the dry season, the results were in the order: Ibeno (872±11.05 ug/kg) > Eastern Obolo (105±9.03 ug/kg) > Ikot Abasi (20 ± 1.95 ug/kg). Soils from Eastern Obolo and Ibeno have PAHs levels greater than 700 ug/kg, which is categorized as slightly polluted, with toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ) higher than permissible limit (33 ug/kg).This may cause ecological risk and raises public health concern that should attract more attention. Molecular diagnostic ratio analyses show that the sources of PAHs in the three study area are mainly pyrogenic.

Evidence for a new human CYP1A1 regulation pathway involving PPAR-α and 2 PPRE sites

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in shrimp samples (Penaeus monodon) of Jones Creek southern Nigeria during the rainy and dry seasons and analysed for 16 priority PAHs. The ΣPAHs ranged from 0.073 to 0.800 mg/kg for shrimp samples collected for the 18 month duration of this study. Fluorene and anthracene were the most dominant PAH observed with concentrations of 0.084 ± 0.010 mg/kg and 0.059 ± 0.007 mg/kg respectively. Fluorene was also the most detected PAH comprising 21.91% of the 16 PAHs detected while benzo(g,h,i)perylene was the least with 0.02%. The source of contamination is closely related to human activities such as domestic and industrial discharges, refining activities and street runoff. High concentrations were recorded during the rainy season and during the first quarter of the year. The investigated samples were classified as minimally contaminated when compared with FDA levels of PAHs in shrimp samples. Distribution patterns showed that PAHs with 3 and 4 rings dominated confirming the pyrogenic source of the detected PAH. Diagnostic ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene and benzo(a)anthracene/chrysene were achieved to evaluate the emission sources of PAHs. These ratios indicated a pyrolytic source of PAHs for sediments, as well as a pyrolytic or pyrogenic origin of the PAHs detected in the shrimp samples obtained within the study area.Key words: PAHs, sediment, shrimps, cancer risk, diagnostic ratio.

Runoff pollution impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dusts from a stream network town

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic chemicals that consist of carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, which are considered as high-priority persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Their source is due to an incomplete burning of fossil fuels and organic materials. In the present study, the distribution and concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in sediments of the Tampamachoco lagoon and Tuxpan River estuary at the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed. The surface sediment samples were collected during the dry (March–June) and rainy (August–November) seasons. PAHs were analyzed by means of a gas capillary chromatography-FID. In dry season, the average concentration of PAHs in sediments was 860 ± 390 ng/g, and in rainy season, it was 1140 ± 450 ng/g. During both seasons, the total concentration of chrysene was high and a domain of the compounds with 4 benzene rings was observed. The source of PAHs was investigated in 78.6% of the lagoon sites. 45.5% revealed indicators of a mixed origin between pyrolytic and petrogenic sources, and 36.4% was petrogenic, and the remaining 18.2% was pyrolytic PAHs.

Sedimentary PAH and oxidative stress biomarkers responses on Namalycastis abiuma (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from an urbanized Amazon estuary

Seasonal trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the sediment of River Ethiope in Delta State, Southern Nigeria were assessed in this study. Samples were taken from six different points at Ethiope River along its banks during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples were extracted using soxhlet apparatus and analysed with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The results obtained for the PAHs concentration ranges from 184.73 µg/kg – 3679.13 µg/kg for dry season and for rainy season, some stations were below detection limit (BDL) to a maximum value of 693.43 µg/kg. The result clearly shows that the total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon detected in the dry season was higher than those of the rainy season. Similarly, more PAHs compound of higher and lower rings were found in the dry season than in the rainy season in sediment samples. Although, the PAHs concentrations were quite low which indicated no danger status from the consumption or dermal contact for humans’ point of view, however, the levels can cause adverse effects for lower aquatic organisms which are exposed to the sediments on a daily basis. Therefore, persistent monitoring and strict adherence to responsible waste discharge should be upheld by all manufacturing and agro industries located in the study area in order to avoid deleterious effects of the biodiversity in the water bodies as well as ensuring safety of the consumers.

ABSTRACTThe quality of groundwaters within Nigerian bitumen deposit area was investigated with a view to providing valuable information on the radioactivity and organic parameters associated with the contamination of the groundwaters by bitumen deposit. This will also provide baseline data required for the assessment of future environmental impact during the development of the natural resource. Two-season groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for the radioactivity levels using a well-calibrated gamma-ray spectrometer, while samples were collected in separate amber glass bottles for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysis. The extraction, cleanup, and concentration of the PAHs were done using certified analytical methods. Quantitative determination of the PAHs was made using Agilent 7890A Gas chromatography. The radionuclides obtained with reliable regularity are associated with the decay series of 238U and 232Th as well as the non-decay series 40K. The specific activities of the groundwaters were found to vary between N.D - 5.24 ± 1.66 Bq/L for 226Ra, 228Ra (N.D - 2.00 ± 0.87 Bq/L), and 40K (N.D - 9.54 ± 2.75 Bq/L) during the dry season and between N.D - 2.23 ± 1.02 Bq/L for 226Ra, 228Ra (N.D - 2.41 ± 0.91 Bq/L), and 40K (17.06 ± 9.15 - 44.62 ± 16.60 Bq/L) during the rainy season. The mean absorbed dose rates of the water samples were found to be higher than the recommended limit (0.1 mSv/yr) for drinking water. Sixteen priority pollutants PAHs were identified, and their concentrations were determined. The study revealed that the total average PAHs in the water samples ranged from 0.607 ± 0.065 to 3.983 ± 0.098 mg/L for dry season and 0.072 ± 0.050 to 1.467 ± 0.130 mg/L for rainy season. These were higher than the control for dry season (0.071 ± 0.052 mg/L - 0.444 ± 0.166 mg/L) and rainy season (0.067 ± 0.042–1.092 ± 0.084 mg/L). During both seasons, the PAH concentrations were higher than 0.000005 mg/L recommended for uncontaminated groundwater and 0.000001–0.000011 mg/L for drinking water. Total risks of 19.5E-03 and 4.7E-03, which exceeded the 10−5 risk limit specified by the USEPA, were established for the dry and rainy season samples, respectively. The radioactivity and PAH levels observed were an indication of their contamination from the bitumen deposit by the groundwaters within the study area.

In order to explore the contents, composition, distribution characteristics, sources and pollution level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and fatty acids in water of Qingmuguan karst underground river in Chongqing, water samples were respectively collected from underground river in rainy season and dry season, 2013 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids of the water samples were quantitatively analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer(GC-MS). The results showed that the contents of PAHs and fatty acids in water of Qingmuguan karst underground river ranged from 77.3 to 702ng·L-1 and 3302 to 45254 ng·L-1, respectively. In terms of composition, the PAHs profiles were dominated by (2-3) rings PAHs in water samples, which accounted for more than 90% of the total PAHs contents, while the carbon numbers of fatty acids ranged from C10 to C28, and fatty acids profiles were dominated by saturated straight chain fatty acids, followed by mono-unsaturated fatty acids. In terms of the distribution characteristics, the contents of PAHs had minor difference at each sample point in water of underground river in rainy season. At the entrance, exposed and exits, the contents of fatty acids reduced in turn, moreover the contents of fatty acids were close at the exposed and exits. dry season:at the entrance, exposed and exits, the contents of PAHs in water of underground river decreased firstly and then increased. The contents of fatty acids were close at each sample point in water of underground river. As a whole, the contents of PAHs and fatty acids in water of underground river in rainy season were significantly higher than those in dry season. Source analysis indicated that the PAHs in water of Qingmuguan underground river were mainly originated from the combustion of coal and biomass (wood, crop straw, etc) at the underground river catchment. The fatty acids were mainly originated from aquatic algae (diatoms and green alga, etc), and bacteria, with the contribution of aquatic algae dominated. The water of underground river was suffered the middle to mild pollution by PAHs, and compared with the dry season, the rainy season was more severely polluted.