Environmental restrictions of agricultural activities in the context of sustainable development of the territories of the Republic of Kalmykia

1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction of the problem The last thirty years on the international agenda there is an acute problem of sustainable development of the world civilization, separate countries and local subsystems, which include rural areas. They take 2/3 of the territory in Russia and are occupied by 26% of the population. With a rich potential (natural, historical, cultural and other), rural areas perform numerous national economic functions, including those which do not have the proper government support (for example, maintenance and improvement of the potential of nature, or social control over the vast sparsely populated areas of the country). However, the critical condition of rural areas is recorded almost on the entire territory of the country; it is reflected in the low living standards of the rural population, the outflow of personnel from agriculture, depopulation of rural settlements. It leads to the lack of domestic production and increased food imports, depopulation of rural areas, which ultimately hinders the achievement of the main objectives of the agrarian policy of the country. 1.2 Importance of the problem On the government level in Russia the following documents are dedicated to the solution of the problems of sustainable development of rural areas: the Concept of sustainable development of rural areas of the Russian Federation for the period up to (2010), the Federal Target Program Sustainable development of rural areas 2014-2017 and for the period up to 2020 (2013), Strategy for sustainable development of rural areas of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 (2015). Since 2003 the implementation of the federal target program Social development of rural areas till 2013 has been carried out, which has contributed to house construction and some development of the manufacturing infrastructure, however the necessary level of social comfort of living of the rural population has not been achieved and the negative processes continue. This shows that the measures applied by the government do not fully consider the diversity and complexity of the conditions and processes of development of rural areas, individual events are scattered, not systemized, and don't have stimulating character for self-development of rural communities. The theory of the development of rural areas is at the stage of its formation, since scientific studies are actively conducted for only last five years, and until recently, the predominant focus was on the development of agriculture and the social and labor relationship in the industry. There are practically no scientific studies on the rural settlements as the most important spatial ecological social economic formations, representing them as a system consisting of the population--the keeper of the unique traditions and culture, environment, economy, ecology and social sphere. In addition, Russian practice needs methodological support of management for sustainable rural development due to imperfections of the applied tools. The study represented in the article is dedicated to this. 1.3 Background/Review of literature Studies of sustainable development of rural areas are carried out in the framework of sustainable social and economic development in balance with the environment, proposed by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development and stated in the report Our common future (Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 2008). The approaches developed by the international community on agricultural policy and sustainable development of rural areas have a great importance. Thus, a systematic approach by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provides a combination of different directions and mechanisms of action to stimulate the overall economic and social development, the growth of the rural economy, development of market relations and institutional environment of the market, the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. …

The article substantiates diversification as a tool to ensure sustainable development of rural areas in decentralization, which contributes to increasing incomes of the rural population, increasing gross agricultural and non-agricultural products, ensuring the competitiveness of rural areas, achieving economic, food and environmental safety, rational use, protection and reproduction of natural resources. In the process of researching the level of sustainable development of rural areas, monographic and graphic methods and scientific generalization were used. The study identified internal factors that affect the sustainable development of rural areas. Social factors include living conditions, the situation on the labor market, the state of social infrastructure. Economic factors should include the provision of agricultural land, the state of diversification of agricultural and non-agricultural activities, the amount of investment in economic development, the level and structure of household income in rural areas. Environmental factors include the level of air pollution, the situation with waste, the use of freshwater, the application of fertilizers to soils, the production and restoration of forests, the level of investment in environmental protection. External factors influencing the sustainable development of rural areas include the political situation in the country and the world; decentralization process; state programs to support rural development and agriculture; the level of supply and demand for goods and services produced in a particular area, etc. It is substantiated that diversification is a tool to ensure sustainable development and strengthen the competitive advantages of rural areas. It is stipulated that attracting investments in rural development and diversification of economic activity will contribute to job creation; income growth of rural residents; the revival of local crafts, customs and crafts, improvement of villages and change of consciousness of villagers. Further research should be carried out in the direction of calculating the integrated index of sustainable development of rural areas in Ukraine to identify regional disparities in the social, economic and environmental spheres of the functioning of these areas in the context of decentralization.

Introduction. The analysis of the causes of environmental offenses on the part of military personnel in terms of violating the requirements of environmental legislation allows us to assert that the ability to perform organizational, managerial, production and technical measures for the rational use of resources should be formed during training at a military university. The relevance of this work is associated with the insufficient implementation of the didactic principle of the connection between the theoretical foundations of military ecology taught at the university and practical situations of military service that require the implementation of measures to ensure environmental safety.Problem statement. In this regard, there is a need to improve the methods of teaching applied aspects of military ecology in the management of natural resource and environmental relations by forming the environmental component of military-oriented professional competencies. The purpose of this article is to develop and present a methodological approach to the formation of a system of generalized knowledge and skills among cadets as the basis of the environmental component of military-oriented professional competencies in terms of conducting rational use measures. The achievement of this goal is possible on the basis of the implementation of the principles of environmental management and the psychological and pedagogical foundations of the ecologization of professional education. The expected result of the implementation of the methodology is an increase in the rational nature management culture.Methodology of the study. During the preparation of the article methods of generalization (of pedagogical experience and experience of military specialists) and modeling in the course of determining educational strategies were used, and a pedagogical experiment was also conducted, including checking the formation of cognitive, affective and behavioral components of the culture of rational use of resources. Results. The article defines the components of the culture of rational use of resources that underlie the created competencies; presents a model for the implementation of the principles of environmental management on the example of the formation of methods of rational use of water resources; provides examples of the implementation of content-activity relationships in the educational process of a military university; justifies the criteria and presents the formulations of tasks for assessing the quality of achieving an educational result; describes the results of the first year of implementing the methodology in educational practice.Conclusion. The materials of the article may be of interest both for scientific and pedagogical staff of military universities, as well as for graduate students and undergraduates studying in pedagogical specialties.

The use of ERP systems is becoming an integral part of business information support and allows enterprises to rationalize the use of resources. The purpose of the article is an in-depth analysis of the use of ERP systems in the activities of enterprises, identification of the advantages and limitations of their practical application, which allow the development of ERP systems on the basis of technological, organizational and cognitive convergence to meet the changing needs of modern business. The study used the methods of case analysis, synthesis, and graphical visualization of information. The paper develops the applied aspect of certain areas of modern institutional economic theory, in particular the theory of evolutionary economics. Attention is focused on how the factor of technological progress affects the transformation of company management due to the principle of bounded rationality. The study summarizes the practice of using ERP systems and analyzes the relationship with the processes of convergence of information, communication, management, and cognitive technologies. The factors of rational use of resources based on ERP system data for four types of operating models of companies are identified. They are identified depending on the level of standardization and integration of business processes. Integration contributes to the rational use of resources through the automation of routine processes but requires several business units to use common practices for working with information in terms of its receipt, registration, storage, confidentiality, and distributed access. Standardization brings cost savings and efficiency by unifying and speeding up business processes but limits the ability to transform individual processes to adapt to rapid changes in the environment. The results of the study will help enterprises when implementing or transforming ERP systems to determine their desired configuration, in accordance with business needs, while maintaining the required level of adaptability of business processes. The results will also be useful for researchers conducting comprehensive studies of the impact of information technology on business operations. Technological advances mean that ERP systems continue to evolve and integrate with other technologies, such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and machine learning, to provide businesses with valuable context that transforms information into unique knowledge, which outlines the prospect for further research.

The national interests of the state are to ensure socio-economic development based on the efficient and rational use, protection and reproduction of land resources in the production of organic products, as well as maintaining a healthy environment. This determines the urgency of harmonizing national policies in the field of reorganization, modernization and development sectors of the economy, and in the provision of services with policies on environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, public health, the formation and use of mechanisms to address these problems, taking into account the situation and the laws of a market economy. This article examines the process of agricultural production taking into account environmental factors and ensuring the rational use of land resources. The importance of soil quality indicators, as well as their impact on land use of agricultural enterprises for the production of organic products is substantiated. The optimal ecological strategy is recommended for most agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. The processes of development of organic food products in Ukraine were considered, as well as the essence and meaning of the concept of “organic products”. The expediency of organic production is proved and the factors of influence of organic products on society are considered. An effective way to improve the condition of soils and lands, increase their fertility in the future. The importance of crop rotations for improving the efficiency and fertility of land resources of Ukraine has been established. Purpose. Creating a market for organic products and proposals for the rational use of land resources. Results. The essence and concept of organic products are revealed. The process of agricultural production is studied taking into account environmental factors and ensuring the rational use of land resources. The importance of soil quality indicators, as well as their impact on land use of agricultural enterprises for the production of organic products is substantiated. The optimal ecological strategy is recommended for most agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. The expediency of organic production is proved and the factors of influence of organic products on society are considered. Proposals for improving the efficiency of land use, improving the condition of soils and lands, increasing their fertility in the future. The national interests of the state are revealed, which are to ensure socio-economic development based on efficient and rational use, protection and reproduction of land resources in the process of organic production, as well as maintaining a healthy environment. Conclusions. The urgency of creating a market for organic products and improving the efficiency of land use and creating sustainable systems of organic production that contribute to the preservation of ecosystems and gradually improve soil quality, which is an integral part of environmental and economic policy, which ensures rational use, protection and management of land resources , is important. In this context, the organization of rational and efficient land use includes creating the best conditions for organic production, reproduction and protection of soil fertility, increasing its role in agricultural production, scientifically sound interaction of soils with other natural factors, ensuring the development of the most complete and correct criteria, methods and techniques. Scientifically substantiated alternation of crops and vapors in time and territory or only in time (rotation) in advance according to a defined plan, and is accompanied by an appropriate tillage system. Thanks to the crop rotation system – a systematic increase in yield, provides the largest production of agricultural products per unit area with the lowest financial costs and labor, and ensures the rational use of land resources in the production of organic products.

The modern Russian village is a collection of rural territories, but divided according to their condition: they partially have a stable state, but most of them are unstable. Sustainable development of rural areas is an urgent task of the Russian government. In order to change the quality of life of rural areas in Russia, reforms have been repeatedly carried out in the agricultural sector, as one of the defining national projects of the country’s economy. Agrarian transformations are currently being carried out in Russia with the aim of transforming the structure of the village and forming an actual group of land owners. The effectiveness of reforms in the agricultural sector affects the development of the region’s economy and rural population. The differences between urban and rural populations are gradually decreasing, but today they still remain significant. The relevance of rural development is an important aspect in the development of the agro-industrial complex of Russia, affecting the competitiveness of our country, its economic security and the viability of the population. Rural territories play an important role in ensuring the country’s food security. Also, the state of rural areas leaves its mark on labor resources, the development of natural potential, the preservation of culture, ecology and the maintenance of stability and peace. The modern world is developing, and the state of rural areas is still characterized by a poorly developed sphere with low incomes of the population and unsatisfactory living conditions. There is insufficient investment in the development of rural areas, the absence or poor quality of transport infrastructure and a high dependence of the state of the economy of the agricultural sector on the quality of public administration. Sustainable development of rural areas is the main goal of regional policy, which contains organizational, economic, financial, legal measures that coordinate the activities of federal and territorial authorities, local self-government bodies, with a goal. rational use of resources, improvement of the quality of life of rural population, efficiency of agro-economy of rural territories The Republic of Tatarstan, as a region quite prosperous among the regions of the Russian Federation and rich in natural resources, has also experienced the consequences of the ongoing agrarian reforms, like all rural areas of our country

The modern concept of rural development implies the use of agricultural resources, primarily agricultural land, for other (non-agricultural) activities besides its agricultural purpose. The integral aim of this concept of rural development is the maximization of economic results, besides the sustainable development of rural areas, environmental protection and the production of strategic (staple) agricultural products. The objective of this paper is to define the general, theoretical, quantitative model for the determination of the size and quality of agricultural land which, considering the above-mentioned demands (criteria), is optimal for the utilization in agricultural production in certain regions. The remaining agricultural land would be available for the non-agricultural purposes. The economic optimal model for the selection of agricultural land in the traditional agriculture is the model of linear programming. The criteria of the land selection for traditional agriculture are the economic effectiveness (measured by net income or by gross national product) and the economic efficiency (measured by the production economy). The maximum economic effectiveness is determined by the standard method of linear programming and the maximum economy by the method of broken linear programming. The solution of compromise can be determined by multi-criteria programming, based on the minimum differences. The limitation groups in the mentioned variations of the model are: limitations of production quotas of agricultural products, minimum quantities of staple agricultural products, limitations of processing plants in a region (minimum and maximum), limitation of crop rotation, limitations of the needs in animal husbandry for bulky for age and limitations of agricultural land according to various types of utilization. By quantitative defining of the structure and size of agricultural land for traditional agriculture, “the surplus” and structure of agricultural land available for non-agricultural purposes is automatically determined.

The modern concept of rural development implies the use of agricultural resources, primarily agricultural land, for other (non-agricultural) activities besides its agricultural purpose. The integral aim of this concept of rural development is the maximization of economic results, besides the sustainable development of rural areas, environmental protection and the production of strategic (staple) agricultural products. The objective of this paper is to define the general, theoretical, quantitative model for the determination of the size and quality of agricultural land which, considering the above-mentioned demands (criteria) is optimal for the utilization in agricultural production in certain regions. The remaining agricultural land would be available for the non-agricultural purposes. The economic optimal model for the selection of agricultural land in the traditional agriculture is the model of linear programming. The criteria of the land selection for traditional agriculture are the economic effectiveness (measured by net income or by gross national product) and the economic efficiency (measured by the production economy). The maximum economic effectiveness is determined by the standard method of linear programming and the maximum economy by the method of broken linear programming. The solution of compromise can be determined by multi-criteria programming, based on the minimum differences. The limitation groups in the mentioned variations of the model are: limitations of production quotas of agricultural products, minimum quantities of staple agricultural products, limitations of processing plants in a region (minimum and maximum), limitation of crop rotation, limitations of the needs in animal husbandry for bulky forage and limitations of agricultural land according to various types of utilization. By quantitative defining of the structure and size of agricultural land for traditional agriculture, “the surplus” and structure of agricultural land available for non-agricultural purposes is automatically determined.

Subject of study. Socio-economic directions and tools for improving the mechanism of sustainable development of rural areas. The aim of the study. Substantiation of the tools of the stable socio-economic development of agricultural territories, development of scientific and methodological directions of its improvement and definition of effective economic mechanisms of its realization. Research methods. The theoretical and methodological basis for the study of the practice of the development of agricultural territories, the normative and legal acts of the state bodies of the Ukrainian. In the course of research on the following methods: analytical, abstract-logical, monographic, scientific-constructive and others. Results of work. The essence of socio-economic development of rural areas is revealed, aspects of its sustainable development are highlighted, approaches to state regulation of socio-economic development of rural areas are outlined, the economic environment of functioning of rural areas is revealed, the mechanism of public-private partnership as a direction of rural development is outlined, the algorithm for the formation of socio-economic development of rural territories as a system consisting of a set of legal, organizational, economic, financial and budgetary components (tools, forms, methods) aimed at the effective use of natural, labor, material and financial resources of rural areas in the process of their development. The directions of ensuring sustainable development of rural areas are considered as institutional factors for ensuring economic stability and social well-being. It is determined that the purpose of forming an effective mechanism for sustainable socio-economic development of rural areas is to increase the competitiveness of agriculture in Ukraine, increase employment and living standards of the rural population, improve their living conditions, develop engineering infrastructure and social sphere in rural areas, improve the demographic situation in rural areas, protect the environment, preserve and reproduce used land and other natural resources, development of local self-government bodies and civil society institutions in rural areas. Priority areas and tools for sustainable socio-economic development of rural areas have been identified: innovation and investment mechanism, which provides for the creation of a favorable investment climate; technical and technological modernization of agriculture, development and implementation of new technologies; diversification of the rural economy and increasing the business activity of the rural population; development of various forms of organization of small and medium-sized businesses as the most important source of innovative growth of the rural economy; rational involvement in economic turnover and increasing the efficiency of the use of natural, material and human resources in rural areas; creation of modern social, engineering and transport infrastructure in rural areas; strengthening the scientific base for the development of rural areas.

The article is devoted to the assessment of the efficiency of the use of land resources in agriculture of the Kurgan Region. The analysis of the efficiency of agricultural land use was carried out for the period from 2015 to 2019, which allowed the author to draw objective conclusions about the current state of the land and the land resource potential of the region. Agriculture can be attributed to a complex economic system. Mutual processes between biological, technological, organizational and economic processes are expanded reproduction in agriculture. The branches of the agro-industrial complex and the branches of agriculture are closely interrelated. The main goal of agriculture is to achieve stable growth of agricultural production, reliable supply of food and agricultural raw materials to the country. Based on this, the issue of effective use of agricultural land available to economic entities becomes relevant. Unlike other means of production in agriculture (which wear out during operation, thereby reducing their properties, go out of economic circulation), the natural productivity of land resources can increase with rational use. One of the reasons for the inefficiency of the implemented land use policy is the actual lack of regular assessment and monitoring of the effective and rational use of land resources in agriculture, both at the level of individual agricultural producers and at the level of the region as a whole. The purpose of assessing the effectiveness of the land use system in the Kurgan region is to characterize the structure of land resources for making management decisions aimed at ensuring rational and efficient use of land.

The problem of rational use of resources is a priority for all mankind, which is confirmed by the presence of many national and interstate programs in the field of environmental management, resource conservation and improving the efficiency of environmental management. Forest complex play a special role in the rational use of natural resources. Forestry has a long process of reproduction, so a set of measures for the use, safety, integrity, reproduction of forests and the balance of the forest resources market conjuncture is necessary. A long-term national strategy is needed to achieve sustainable economic growth. Canada, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Belarus, and China have national strategies for the forest sector development on 10-20-50 years. The strategic planning process in the forest sector is ambiguous and controversial; it includes the coordination of different interests of actors and economic-mathematical modelling, assessment of the effectiveness of environmental management and resource management. The research objective: strategic planning analysis in the above-mentioned countries forest complex in the context of natural resources rational using. The following factors were identified: the sequence of making economically significant decisions by the State; the strengthening role of the public in the decision-making process on the forest resources rational using.

The article identifies the factors of management and rational use of agricultural land. The key macro-conditions and micro-factors of the rational use of land resources are highlighted, including the innovative potential and a set of environmental protection measures, state monitoring and quality characteristics of agricultural land, the chemicalization of agriculture and the functional use of agricultural land. As part of the study, an econometric model of effective management and rational use of land resources in the region has been built. Trends in the use of land resources in modern conditions have been determined; the main directions for improving the use of agricultural lands have been substantiated, taking into account the development of innovative activity, intensive use and protective measures, the level of innovation and environmental friendliness of products. The proposed measures will improve the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the land used, increase the efficiency of land management in modern conditions.

Basic Principles and Methods of Environmental Protection Planning in the USSR

Environmental and economic challenges of the modern era require innovative approaches to ensure sustainable development for the state. The interdependence between the rational use of natural resources, tax policy, and economic transparency is a decisive factor in preserving ecosystems and biodiversity while ensuring long-term economic stability. The purpose of the article is to validate and substantiate the complementarity that arises from the de-shadowing of environmental taxes, promoting rational natural resource management, and ensuring national security. The study justifies the complementarity arising from de-shadowing environmental taxes, stimulating rational natural resource use, and enhancing national security. Trigger points of environmental taxation's impact on rational resource use, de-shadowing, and national economic security were identified. Using tools like VOSviewer, SciVal, Google Trends, and Google Books Ngram Viewer, three types of bibliometric analysis were conducted: exploring terms such as "Environmental tax" and "De-shadowing"; "Environmental tax" and "Rational nature management"; and "Environmental tax" and "National security." The bibliometric tools confirmed the chain’s complementarity: "environmental taxation – rational natural resource management – economic de-shadowing – national security". Specific instruments used include SciVal by Elsevier (validating the relevance of the study and the topic’s importance across disciplines), VosViewer (demonstrating the strong interconnections among the categories and pinpointing their trigger points of influence on environmental taxation), Google Trends (highlighting the growing relevance of environmental taxation through the lenses of national security, de-shadowing, and rational resource use) and Google Books Ngram Viewer (providing statistical insights relevant to the research context). The findings significantly contribute to developing effective state policies in environmental protection, optimizing tax systems to encourage ecological responsibility, reducing economic shadowing, and improving national security.

The article reveals theoretical and methodological aspects of assessing the sustainable development of rural areas in Kazakhstan. In the course of the analysis, the authors revealed that economically stable and socially developed rural areas will become the basis of stability, independence and food security of the country. Changes in the number of rural population, natural growth and migration growth in recent years have been analyzed. The main socio-economic indicators of development of the Kazakh countryside are presented. The authors state that the losses are mainly observed in the spheres of professional, scientific and technical activities. It is concluded that the problems of improving the level and quality of life in the countryside should not be solved by the old costly methods. The conditions and opportunities for the development of rural areas are diverse in the republic. In this regard, studies aimed at assessing the potential of rural settlements, as well as the effectiveness of the activities of State and local authorities in ensuring sustainable development of rural areas, become relevant. The generalization of literary sources and foreign experience showed the importance of the main directions of public support for rural residents, the implementation of which contributes to the efficient use of agricultural resources, modernization of production and development of innovative technologies, formation of conditions for the intensive development of small business and entrepreneurship in rural areas, the increase in the employment level of rural residents due to expanding the scope of non-agricultural activities and more fully involving rural labor resources in economic turnover, increasing their level of income.