Environmental Pollution Control and Sustainability Management of Slum Settlements in Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Urbanization in the dynamics of development in Makassar City has an impact on increasing population, poverty, social change, acculturation of community culture, marginalization, differences in lifestyle, socio-economic inequality, complexity of space use, slum settlements, and a decrease in environmental quality. This study aims to analyze: (1) Community participation and socio-cultural changes work as determinants of handling urban slum settlements, (2) The influence of community participation, improving the quality of infrastructure, improving the quality of the environment, and changing the socio-cultural community on the sustainability of city development, and (3) Formulate a model for handling slum settlements, community participation, and community social culture towards the sustainability of urban development. This study uses a qualitative-quantitative approach sequentially. Data were obtained through observation, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), surveys, and documentation. The results showed that community participation, improving the quality of infrastructure, improving the quality of the environment, and socio-cultural changes simultaneously affected the sustainability of Makassar City development. Furthermore, the implementation of the program to improve the quality of slums followed by community participation and accompanied by socio-cultural changes will encourage the creation of equitable development, improve the quality of slum settlements, and improve community welfare towards the creation of social cohesion, increase community productivity, and harmonization of community life towards sustainability development of Makassar City, Indonesia.

KOTAKU (City Without Slums) program has been implemented in numerous areas identified as slums settlements, including in Sidoarjo, a city adjacent to Surabaya that has given many services in housing provision including for people who commute from Surabaya city. One of the efforts that must be done to handle the slums is to prevent and improve the quality of life and environment in a slum area to develop sustainable settlements to reach the objectives of Sustainable development (SDGs). One of the cases in this program happened in Tambak Cemandi, Sidoarjo where the slums area consists of 9.75 hectares widespread. The settlement area is located in the coastal area where it experienced a decrease in environmental quality due to a lack of public awareness in maintaining the cleanliness of the environment, most people dispose of garbage and defecation in rivers or ponds, and river conditions are filled with garbage, and not yet provided adequate infrastructure facilities. The article aims to formulate a strategy for improving the quality of slums in Tambak Cemandi, Sidoarjo. The first stage in this research is identifying factors that influence the quality improvement of slum settlements in the case study area using the content analysis method, continued by formulating strategies related to the influenced factors through a qualitative descriptive analysis method. The results showed in this article are strategies considering the influenced factors that are community behaviors, community participation, waste management facilities, sanitation infrastructure provision, road conditions, and population income.

The spatial transformation of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga Makassar City has an impact on the conversion of productive agricultural land to urban industry. Changes in land use coupled with an increase in socio-economic activities lead to changes in spatial structure, spatial patterns, and a decrease in environmental quality in the direction of changes in the community's socio-economic system. This study aims to analyze: (1) Spatial transformation works as a determinant of the sustainability of the development of new urban areas, (2) The effect of changes in land use, activity systems, population mobility, and transportation systems on environmental degradation. This study uses a combination of qualitative-quantitative approaches sequentially. Data was obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and documentation. The number of respondents in this study was determined as many as 250 which was carried out purposively. The results showed that the development of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga which was predominantly developed for commercial activities, services, tourism, and large-scale settlements supported by transportation infrastructure development had an impact on urban sprawl, morphological changes, spatial segregation, and hierarchical differences in meeting the needs of the population. The results of the study indicate that changes in the use of space in the new urban area have led to changes in the single social formation of the local community towards multiple social formations. Furthermore, changes in land use, activity systems, and transportation systems have a positive correlation to environmental quality degradation with a determination coefficient of 60.8%. This study recommends the development of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga towards the creation of social, economic, and environmental sustainability through the support of policies of the Makassar City Government in the future.

Anemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. The most common cause is nutritional deficiencies, especially iron deficiency. Adequate nutritional intake from food is essential during pregnancy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between food access and intake patterns with the incidence of iron deficiency among pregnant women living in the slum settlement in Makassar City. This research is a sub-study of the Indonesian Birth Cohort Study based in Makassar City. This sub-study used a cross-sectional design and recruited 173 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters using total sampling. All data were collected using a structured questionnaire and recorded using KoboToolbox software. Serum ferritin levels were examined for iron status using the ELISA method at the Microbiology Laboratory Unit at Hasanuddin University Teaching Hospital. The statistical data were analyzed using STATA version 14 with Chi-square analysis and logistic regression. The prevalence of iron deficiency in pregnant women living in slum settlements in Makassar City was 78%. Logistic regression analysis showed that inadequate food diversity (AOR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.17-5.69; P = 0.019) and food taboos (AOR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.26-6.26; P = 0.011) were significantly associated with the incidence. Most pregnant women living in slum settlements in Makassar City experienced iron deficiency. Pregnant women who experience iron shortages have been connected to food taboos and dietary diversity.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of slum development, community poverty, and community behavior on environmental degradation in the Tallo river basin in Makassar City and to analyze the effects of natural resource conservation, economic empowerment, community capacity building on the productivity of economic enterprises and ecosystem-based sustainability. This study uses a qualitative-quantitative approach in sequence. Data were obtained through observation, surveys, and documentation. The research findings show that slums, poverty, and community behavior have a significant effect on the decline in the environmental quality of the Tallo river basin in Makassar City, with a coefficient of determination of 32.2%. The results showed that the conservation of natural resources, economic empowerment, and community capacity building were positively correlated to increasing the productivity of community economic enterprises and the sustainability of watershed ecosystems. The assertion is that watershed conservation, integrated with economic empowerment, contributes positively to economic, social, and environmental sustainability. This study offers the concept of conservation of natural resources based on community economic empowerment as a solution to the handling of slums for the case of metropolitan cities in Indonesia, to support metropolitan city development programs nationally.

Pelaksanaan pembangunan perumahan dan permukiman, khususnya kawasan perkotaan harus senantiasa memperhatikan penataan ruang yang berlaku dikota yang bersangkutan. Sehingga terdapat sinkronisasi atau kesesuaian antara pembangunan perumahan dan permukiman dengan penataan ruang. Banyaknya pembangunan permukiman yang ada, berpengaruh pada jaringan jalan untuk mobilitas manusia dan angkutan barang yang terbatas dan tidak seimbang dengan komunitas masyarakat yang menggunakannya pada suatu tempat, sehingga berpengaruh pada penataan ruangnya. Hal ini terlihat pada daerah kota Mataram yang harus dilakukan penanganan intensif. Selain daripada itu berbicara masalah perumahan dan permukiman dikota Mataram ini yang menjadi masalah adalah masih banyak terdapatnya permukiman kumuh sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah : untuk mengetahui dan mengalisis pelaksanaan pencegahan dan peningkatan kualitas permukiman kumuh berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2011. Metode Penelitian yang dipergunakan adalah Yuridis Empiris. Hasil penelitiannya adalah : Kota Mataram telah sigap menghadapi permasalahan-permasalahan yang terjadi dengan dikeluarkannya berbagai peraturan tentang permukiman kumuh ini salah satunya Peraturan Daerah Kota Mataram Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Pencegahan dan Peningkatan Kualitas Perumahan dan Permukiman Kumuh. Kebijakan dan program penanganan permukiman kumuh di tingkat daerah meliputi kebijakan dan program Pemerintah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dan kebijakan/ program Pemerintah Kota Mataram. Kata Kunci : Kebijakan; Kualitas, Permukiman Kumuh, Peraturan

The acceleration of metropolitan city development toward economic growth has an impact on over-urbanization, energy scarcity, slum settlements, and environmental degradation. Slum settlements that are predominantly inhabited by the urban poor will require an increase in the productivity of economic enterprises through the empowerment process. This study aims to analyze (1) community empowerment functions as determinants of the use of renewable energy in handling slum settlement and (2) the effects of community empowerment, utilization of renewable energy, strengthening of institutional capacity, and productivity of economic enterprises on improving the quality of the slum settlement environment. The study approach used is a combination of qualitative–quantitative research. Data was obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and documentation. The results of the study show that community empowerment, coupled with the use of renewable energy, strengthening institutional capacity, and community participation, contributes positively to increasing the productivity of economic enterprises and improving environmental quality toward sustainable management of slum settlements. The effect of economic empowerment, strengthening institutional capacity, and the use of renewable energy to improve environmental quality with a coefficient of determination of 78.5%. This study recommends socio-economic empowerment based on the use of renewable energy in the implementation of the Makasssar City toward environmental, economic sustainability and the creation of social cohesion.

Management of housing and slum settlements is carried out in various forms of service and facilitation as follows: (1) fulfillment of decent and affordable housing needs through housing loans / subsidized housing loans and self-help housing development; (2) improving the quality of the settlement environment through the assistance of basic housing infrastructure and facilities, providing clean water facilities in water-prone settlements, structuring and rehabilitating slum settlements, empowering communities in the framework of strengthening economic capacity and improving social life; (3) institutionalizing a system for implementing housing and settlement development by involving the community as the main actor.
 Given the limited capacity of the government through the APBN and APBD in handling housing and slum settlements, the government took the decision to carry out handling of housing and slum settlements through the City Without Slum Program (KOTAKU). 
 The implementation of the Tridaya approach in the KOTAKU program city of Semarang includes: (1) empowering local governments and communities through capacity building in the form of training and mentoring; (2) utilization of environmental facilities by improving the quality of the settlement environment through the procurement and repair of primary basic infrastructure and facilities as well as repair of unsuitable houses; and (3) community economic empowerment which is carried out through channeling with other programs in the field of Public Works and various activities carried out in the regions. To get a comprehensive picture of the program, researchers need to evaluate the policies of the Semarang City KOTAKU (City Without Slums) program in 2019.
 
 Keywords: KOTAKU (City Without Slums), Government Capacity, Policy Evaluation.

This study aims to (1) analyze the spatial integration of work as a determinant of the sustainability of the handling of slums in Makassar City; (2) analyze the direct and indirect effects of handling infrastructure, controlling environmental pollution, and socio-economic empowerment on improving the quality of slums and the sustainability of handling the slums of Makassar City. The research approach used is a sequential explanatory design, which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. Data obtained through observation, surveys, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the acceleration of Makassar City development towards urban spatial integration had an impact on slum areas that developed at riverbanks and coastal areas. The results of the path analysis show that infrastructure has a direct effect on improving environmental quality by 12.46%, the direct effect of environmental pollution control on improving environmental quality by 10.69%, and the direct effect of socio-economic empowerment on handling slum settlements by 6.76%. Furthermore, the increase in Y was 63.58% and the effect of Y on Z was 67.57%. The direction of handling the Makassar City slums in the future is oriented to sustainable development including, improving the quality of infrastructure, increasing the productivity of economic ventures, increasing the capacity of government and community institutions in dealing with social problems, social conflicts, towards the creation of social cohesion, fulfillment of livable facilities that are livable and socially just.

and Brazil (Junqueira and Campos, 1998; Junqueira et al., 2000; In the wet and dry seasons, the stream was sampled at three sites, reflecting a gradient of increasing levels of anthropogenic impact from sites 1 to 3, and the different index values calculated. The adaptations by Junqueira et al. (2000) and The values of the versions of Junqueira and Campos (1998) and Junqueira et al. (2000) generally decreased from sites 1 to 3 on both dates. Decreases in environmental quality on the wet season sampling date were indicated by the BMWP scores more so than by the ASPT scores. The adaptations by Junqueira and Campos (1998) and especially Junqueira et al. (2000) seem to have detected, with the greatest degree of sensitivity, the putative decrease in environmental quality from sites 1 to 3. The use of the ASPT seemed to diminish the possible impact of natural seasonal differences in organism abundances on the indicated degree of pollution.

The terminal in Bojonegoro District is Rajekwesi Type A Terminal. It is located close to the CBD that has resulted in a decrease in environmental quality, due to gas emissions released by motor vehicles. The decrease in environmental quality can be overcome with an ecological approach, for example by creating or expanding green open spaces (urban forest). This study aimed to provide information about the capability of urban forest of the terminal to absorb CO2 emissions. This study began with a survey counting the number of motor vehicles at the gateway of the terminal on Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday for 24 hours. Then, the measurement of tree biomass was carried out using the nondestructive method. After the data was collected, the amount of CO2 emissions from motor vehicles was calculated by adding up CO2 emissionsin a stationary (idle) position when it was moving. The total CO2 emissions of motor vehicles at Rajekwesi Type A Terminal was 292.058,087 kgCO2/year. The amount of carbon sink (Wtc) of a tree was calculated by multiplying the total biomass (Wt) by the carbon concentration. The amount of Wtc at the urban forest of Rajekwesi Type A Terminal was 4.366,059 kg/year. After the amount of Wtc was found out, the amount of CO2 absorbed by the tree could be found out by multiplying Wtc by the conversion constant of the carbon (C) element to CO2 (3,67). The amount of CO2 absorbed by the trees at the urban forest of Rajekwesi Type A Terminal was 16.023,44 kgCO2/year. If they were compared, the absorption of CO2 was still much smaller than the emission rate. Thus, the function of the urban forest of terminal as an absorber of CO2 emissions was still not optimal.

Slum settlements are often seen as areas that are synonymous with dense, poor, unfit, unhealthy populations and other negative stigmas. Handling slum areas is not only carried out in metropolitan areas, but also needs to be carried out in the smallest parts of cities or village areas. Sukamentri Village in Garut Regency is a village indicated as a slum settlement. Residential conditions with dense populations and undirected and planned development support a decline in the quality of the residential environment. Many residents of Sukamentri Village are also infected with tuberculosis (TB). There are various development and public health problems in settlements, so the research question is what are the methods for dealing with slum settlements and how will the health quality and facilities and infrastructure of Sukamentri Village settlements be handled? This research uses a deductive research method, namely using parameters and variables from several theories to look at settlement elements, health quality, facilities and infrastructure in Sukamentri Village. At the analysis stage, this research uses qualitative methods which require more direct involvement in the field. The formation of the Sukamentri Village slum settlement in the RW 05 area was due to the suboptimal quality of residential facilities and infrastructure. There is a need to improve the health quality of residential facilities, including building healthy houses and providing green open space in residential environments. Improving the quality of health infrastructure includes construction of road pavement, construction of drainage, and construction of waste disposal in residential areas.

Sanitation is one of the fundamental human rights aspects. Neglected sanitation development can have a broad impact, especially for health. Stopping open defecation is a major pillar that greatly affects public health, because this problem concerns environmental health issues that will have a broad impact on public health and a decrease in environmental quality. Environmental and sanitation quality degradation is a complex problem that occurs in Indonesia, including in Samosir Regency. There are still several villages that do not use latrines. Based on this, the community service team collaborated with the Samosir District Health Office to empower the community, among others, by providing counseling on environmental sanitation and inviting and motivating people to use the latrines provided and build latrines for those who do not. owning latrines through the construction of pilot latrines. It has been facilitated 16 goose neck latrines and 2 bags of cement for the 16 families who do not have latrines. The residents have been building and using pilot latrines. With this pilot latrine, it is hoped that it can increase the awareness of residents to change their habit of defecating so that later it can become a defecation-free village and improve the community's health status.

This research aimed to analyze the influence of trade openness, ICT, per capita income, and Human Development Index on environmental quality in Upper-Middle Income countries in the short and long term and how per capita income influenced environmental quality in the U-shaped EKC hypothesis in Upper-Middle Income countries over the 1990-2020 periods using the VECM Panel analysis. Several findings were revealed in this research. First, the coefficient of trade openness in the long-term and short-term on environmental quality was positive and statistically significant at the 1% level. Second, the relationship between ICT and environmental quality had a positive influence in the short term and a negative influence in the long term. Third, the relationship between per capita income and environmental quality positively influenced the long- and short-term. In these findings, an increase in per capita income increased carbon dioxide, which caused a decrease in environmental quality and emerged an inverted U relationship in the long- and short-term of the EKC hypothesis in UMI countries, with the turning point in the short-term being US$ 728,530 and in the long-term US$ 772,839. Finally, the Human Development Index in this research positively influences environmental quality in the short- and long-term. The outcomes of this study have considerable Policy implications regarding trade openness policy formulation to reduce environmental degradation, especially in Upper Middle-Income Countries.

Pasirkratonkramat Sub-District is located in West Pekalongan District, Pekalongan City, Central Java, Indonesia. This location has been affected by tidal floods since 2016. Tidal floods have caused a decrease in environmental quality. The method used for this research is a descriptive survey research with an ecological approach. This paper presents the quality of the biophysical environment and social quality. The biophysical environment consists of water quality, soil quality, air quality. The water quality showed that Pollution Index (PI) of surface water is 5,15 (medium pollution), PI of Clean water (Residents’ well waters) is 5,09 (medium pollution) and PI of Clean Water is 2,20 (light pollution). Water quality analyzed by parameters Electrical Conductivity, Salinity, BOD, COD, Total Phosphate as P, Chrome (Cr) (VI), Copper Cu, Nitrite as N, Free chlorine, Sulfur as H2S, Oil and fat, Detergent as MBAS, Fecal Coliform, Total Coliform, Chloride, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Water hardness (CaCO3), and Organic substance (KMnO4). The soil of quality decreased because of inundating sea water, the chemical and physical composition cannot support paddy or plants to grow, even they cannot survive because of salinity and decreasing minerals. The air quality showed that the average Temperature Humidity Index (THI) is 28.74 which mean that 100% of subjects feel uncomfortable. Meanwhile the social quality consists of various activities.