Environmental Policy Implementation: Can We Reduce Failures Without Changing Objectives?

Goal. To determine the features of forming environmental policy in the context of developing a circular economy. Method. The theoretical and methodological basis of this study comprises fundamental and contemporary works of domestic and foreign experts in the field of environmental policy and circular economy. The analysis of the formation and implementation of environmental policy in enterprises was conducted using various scientific methods that ensure a comprehensive and systematic approach to studying this issue. Methods of analysis and synthesis were used to generalize theoretical approaches and identify key aspects of enterprises' environmental policy. The analysis of scientific sources and practical examples allowed us to highlight the main elements and principles that form the basis of environmental policy in the context of a circular economy. Induction and deduction methods were employed to formulate general conclusions based on individual facts and data obtained during the study. This approach allowed for identifying general trends and patterns in the implementation of environmental policy in enterprises and assessing their impact on economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. The method of scientific abstraction was used to explore the development paths of environmental policy and assess the risks of its application in the conditions of a circular economy. This enabled identifying key trends and promising directions for further improvement of environmental management in enterprises. The comparative analysis method was applied to evaluate different approaches to the formation and implementation of environmental policy in enterprises in Ukraine and abroad. This allowed us to determine best practices and suggest recommendations for adapting international experience to the conditions of the Ukrainian economy. The graphical method was used to visualize the research results and present the interconnections between different aspects of environmental policy. This facilitated a better understanding of complex processes and eased the perception of information. Methods of observation and identification enabled the empirical assessment of the implementation of environmental policy in specific enterprises, as well as the identification of practical aspects and challenges faced by enterprises in this process. Results. Environmental policy is considered a key aspect of strategic management in an enterprise. This article is dedicated to exploring the formation of environmental policy in the context of developing a circular economy. A sequence of steps for developing an environmental program and policy to improve enterprise activities has been proposed. It has been proven that the main lever in forming environmental policy is the creation of environmental funds. Special attention is given to the study of practical aspects of implementing environmental policy and its impact on the economic efficiency of enterprises. Recommendations for implementing environmental policy, taking into account international standards ISO 9000 and ISO 14000, highlight the importance of ensuring transparency and openness in the process of implementing environmental initiatives. Additionally, the role of stakeholders in the successful implementation of environmental policy and the necessity of integrating environmental principles into all aspects of enterprise activities are discussed. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive analysis of the processes of forming and implementing environmental policy in enterprises under the conditions of developing a circular economy. For the first time, a systematic study of the key aspects and principles of environmental policy in the context of modern sustainable development requirements has been conducted. The conducted research also provides new data on the impact of environmental policy on the efficiency of enterprises' activities and their ability to adapt to changes in environmental legislation and market requirements. The implementation of the circular economy concept is considered not only as a method for reducing waste but also as a strategic tool for enhancing enterprises' competitiveness and economic stability. Practical Significance. The main recommendations for enterprises regarding the implementation of effective environmental policy and management of environmental aspects of their activities are formulated.

European practice has proven that all EU member states are responsible for the implementation of adopted European environmental agreements. Since 1992, the countries of the European Union have identified environmental protection as a priority for their own development. The study of the process of implementing Ukraine’s environmental policy in the context of the circular economy is gaining relevance. The purpose of the article is to study the processes of implementation of the environmental policy of Ukraine in the context of the circular economy. In the process of writing a scientific article, general scientific research methods were used: the method of theoretical generalization; categorical analysis; method of comparison; method of abstraction; grouping method; forecasting method. In the process of research, the key directions of implementation of environmental policy at the state level are given. The main aspects of the implementation of the circular economy at the regional level have been established. Three levels of formation and implementation of environmental policy in Ukraine are defined. Various tools for implementing environmental policy in the context of the circular economy are presented. It was established that in Ukraine today there is practically no development and implementation of effective mechanisms for the implementation of the state environmental policy, there are no tools for eliminating the causes of environmental problems and reducing the negative impact on the ecological sphere during the implementation of economic activities. It has been established that in the process of implementation of environmental policy, the state may have an appropriate role, either promoter, facilitator, or catalyst. Conclusions have been made regarding the importance of implementing the circular economy. The study of the implementation of the environmental policy of Ukraine in the context of the circular economy gained further development in terms of taking into account the components of the environmental policy, aspects of the circular economy and the comprehensive implementation of the environmental policy at the international, state, regional and local levels. The practical value of scientific research lies in the theoretical justification of the process of implementing environmental policy in the context of the circular economy, taking into account international experience and tools for implementing environmental policy at all levels

State environmental policy can be defined as the activity of public authorities, focused on the formation and development of environmental production / consumption and ecological culture of human life. In this regard, environmental policy is influenced by such factors as: the rate of development of production, economic and social stability, the level of environmental culture of the population, the provision of specialists, the scale of nature use. In the conditions of the development of modern state-building, the role of the state in the formation and implementation of environmental policy is increasing, among the main tasks of which is the stabilization and improvement of the ecological state of the country through the implementation of the state ecological policy in accordance with the integrated approach of socioeconomic development of Ukraine to ensure the transition to sustainable development and the introduction of environmentally balanced systems of nature management. The priority of the territorial approach to the implementation of state environmental policy makes it possible to take into account the particularities of each region. In recent years, the implementation of state environmental policy at the regional level has become increasingly important. Different regions of the country have their own special historical, natural, social and economic conditions for the functioning of territories with the whole complex of life processes and the specificity of the impact on the natural environment. The ecological situation in Ukraine, depending on the territorial affiliation, varies both by the severity of the problems and the possibilities of their practical solution. The purpose of state environmental policy should be to create conditions for harmonious, balanced development of society, economy and the environment. In view of this, regional differentiation of management decisions and practical actions in the framework of specific mechanisms of implementation of state environmental policy, functioning of which should be aimed at creating conditions for harmonious and balanced development of the environment, stabilization and improvement of the ecological situation. The policy of effective sustainable development of the region should become the mechanism of state environmental policy at the regional level.

Exploration of the long-term performance-oriented incentive mechanism for balancing environmental and economic policies

The article is devoted to the study of tools for the formation and implementation of the environmental policy of electric power enterprises. Global climate change, caused by the negative impact of industrial activities on the environment, can cause more damage to the economy, even if production processes do not change. This assumption implies that optimal environmental policies can help reduce the intensity of environmental pollution. Optimal environmental policies allow environmental damage with greater consumption of goods and less pollution. Power generation enterprises are the sources of the following factors affecting the environment: emissions of pollutants into the air; discharges of pollutants into water bodies; disposal of production and consumption waste; electromagnetic radiation; noise. The need to develop and implement the environmental policy of electric power enterprises is due to the need to overcome the consequences of the negative impact of the production activities of energy companies on the environment. One of the main conditions for the development of an effective environmental policy is the analysis of tools for the formation and implementation of environmental policy by electric power enterprises. The article presents the main features and problems of the formation and implementation of the environmental policy of electric power enterprises in modern conditions. due to the need to overcome the consequences of the negative impact of the production activities of energy companies on the environment. One of the main conditions for the development of an effective environmental policy is the analysis of tools for the formation and implementation of environmental policy by enterprises of the electric power industry. The article presents the main features and problems of the formation and implementation of the environmental policy of electric power enterprises in modern conditions. due to the need to overcome the consequences of the negative impact of the production activities of energy companies on the environment. One of the main conditions for the development of an effective environmental policy is the analysis of tools for the formation and implementation of environmental policy by electric power enterprises.

Environment is the material basis for peoples survival and development, but with the rapid development of the economy, especially the expansion of some industries based on the use of environmental resources (such as mining, iron smelting, real estate enterprises and so on) will inevitably have an impact on the environment and produce environmental footprints in production. How to reduce the pollution and damage to the natural environment caused by these environmental footprints without affecting the development of enterprises has become an important issue to be solved in contemporary society. Through the interactive study of environmental policy and sustainable development of the financial market, this paper aims to provide a feasible reference for this topic. However, environmental policy involves many aspects, such as energy, soil, oceans, rare animals and nature reserves. This article mainly discusses policies aimed at energy and waste emissions. This paper uses the research methods of theoretical analysis, literature analysis and review, taking the rise and fall of stocks driven by environmental policies as a starting point, this paper explores the effects of relevant environmental policies on the industrial chain of new energy industries; at the same time, it also quotes Environmental, Society and Governance(ESG), Corporate Society and Responsibility(CSR) and other related terms to discuss the reaction of enterprises and investors to environmental policies in the financial market. This paper finds that environmental policy is conducive to the sustainable development of the financial market, and the development of the financial market can also provide suggestions for the formulation and implementation of environmental policy.

The article examines the relationship between state policy, the environmental sphere, and security. It was determined that the main problem is the development and effective implementation of the state environmental policy, which would ensure sustainable development and environmental safety, taking into account modern environmental challenges. It is emphasized that environmental policy can be integrated into various spheres of social life (economy, social policy, education and health). It has been confirmed that issues of state policy in the environmental sphere require the development of an integrated approach, which will include legislative regulation, scientific and research activities, education and public involvement. The connections between the state policy in the environmental sphere and security (connection with the health and well-being of the population; risks of environmental pollution of air, water and soil; the impact of environmental policy on energy security) have been studied as an important factor that contributes to social stability, strengthens trust to the authorities and raises public awareness of environmental issues, the active participation of the public in the formation and implementation of environmental policy is recognized. The legislative field regarding environmental policy is characterized and the root causes of environmental problems in Ukraine are listed. Environmental risks associated with the conduct of military operations are described. Data from the official resource of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine "EkoZagroza" regarding and impact on the environment are given. The role of public involvement work and educational campaigns aimed at raising citizens' awareness of environmental problems and the need to solve them has been defined. The importance of global environmental challenges and their impact on human health, the economy and the stability of society is revealed. The need to form an integrated approach to environmentally caused diseases in the context of safety is emphasized. The need to involve a wide range of stakeholders, including government institutions, the scientific community, the business sector and civil society, is emphasized. Directions for increasing the effectiveness of state policy in the environmental sphere are presented and their characteristics are given.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВІУ статті визначено особливості формування та імплементації екологічної політики на підприємстві.Досліджено основні проблеми екологічного менеджменту та визначено переваги від упровадження екологічної політики на підприємстві.Запропоновано послідовність етапів розроблення екологічної програми та політики щодо вдосконалення діяльності підприємства.Доведено, що імплементація екополітики сприяє підвищенню економіки та розвитку країни у цілому.Здійснено аналіз становлення і розвитку екологічного менеджменту, в основі якого -дотримання вимог екологічної безпеки, проведення ефективних і комплексних заходів щодо раціонального використання природних ресурсів.Сформовано портфоліо управління екологічним менеджментом на підприємстві.Розроблено програму заходів щодо вдосконалення екологічного

The last three decades of environmental policymaking have generated some very ambitious and comprehensively formulated policies, ranging from the local to the global level. These policies often have the explicit aim of addressing and reversing some of the most significant trends of environmental degradation, including biodiversity loss and climate change. However, despite evidence of successful progress in the formulation of environmental policies, their implementation and goal fulfillment are generally low. The inadequate fulfillment of environmental policy goals has partially been linked to the perceived limitations of using coercive-based implementation to solve complex environmental problems. Meanwhile, participation and learning are gaining prominence, since they are expected to cope better with complex and unpredictable environmental systems and thereby contribute to the implementation of environmental policy. However, complexity is only one of several decisive contextual factors, which affect environmental policy implementation and governance. For this reason, this thesis questioned and explored the extent to which learning constitutes the most appropriate mode for environmental policy implementation, and under what circumstances. The introductory chapter frames learning as an implementation mode and conceptualizes it as one of three ideal-type implementation modes; the others being coercion and market. It introduces conflict as a crucial context for environmental policy implementation and hypothesizes that there are three facets of conflict, which are particularly relevant: conflicts of interest between stakeholders, conflicts in environmental policy goals, and legislation. Furthermore, it combines identified variables and concepts into a conceptual model that treats change in target group behavior as the outcome of policy and a dependent variable in environmental policy implementation. Policy outcomes are assessed in terms of their effectiveness and coherence. The thesis was guided by the following research questions: 1. How do stakeholder conflicts of interest and legislation influence the effectiveness of learning as an implementation mode? 2. How are conflicts in environmental policy goals manifested, and what role can a learning-based implementation mode play in increasing policy coherence? A multi-case study approach was chosen for this thesis since it allows for a detailed examination of the relevant contextual factors and an exploration of the possible causal mechanisms. As the thesis hypothesizes that conflict is a crucial context for environmental policy implementation, the case studies were selected in two environmental policy domains with different levels of conflict. Chapters 2-4 comprise several cases of environmental policy implementation that involve high conflict, concerning river restoration that affects hydropower production. These cases span different governance scales in Sweden, the United States and the European Union. Chapter 5 details another case, containing low conflict, concerning learning as an implementation mode in adaptations of urban water services related to climate change in the Stockholm Region, Sweden. The thesis uses a variety of data collection strategies; including document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. This allows for a strong contextual understanding and for triangulations of the insights gathered from the various data sources. The main paths for establishing the claims of causation, between policy initiatives, implementation modes and policy outcomes in the examined cases, are the counterfactual as well as the mechanism and capacities approaches. A number of key findings emerge from the preceding chapters, related to the two thesis research questions. As concerns the first question; the thesis finds that legislation is a key determining element that influences the effectiveness of learning in situations that exhibit high levels of stakeholder conflicts of interest. Chapter 4, a case study of a failed learning-based intervention in the Ljusnan River basin, Sweden, demonstrates how the effectiveness of learning was limited by existing legislation since it gave the target group of policy the option to reach its objectives unilaterally. In contrast to Chapter 4, Chapter 5 shows how learning can produce effective policy outcomes, despite limited legislation, in situations of low stakeholder conflicts of interest. In this case, despite the absence of rules and regulations requiring climate change adaptation, the urban water service organizations in the Stockholm Region have enacted significant behavioral changes geared towards climate change adaptation through organizational learning. As concerns the second research question; the results illustrate how environmental policy goal conflict is mainly materialized and manifested during the implementation of environmental policy. Chapter 2 concludes that, despite limited evidence of conflictual interactions at the level of policy goals and instruments, potentially strong conflicts emerge when it comes to policy implementation at both EU and member state level. The results also point towards the potential pitfalls and possibilities of the role that learning can play in policy coherence, largely depending upon legislation. Chapter 3 illustrates the differences, between Sweden and the United States, in the legislative settings of hydropower production as it concerns river restoration. Whereas hydropower production in Sweden is regulated by perpetual, property-like permits; in the United States, non-federal facilities are regulated by temporal licenses granting a time-bound privilege to use public lands and waters. Chapter 4 concludes that the perpetual hydropower permits in Sweden were an important reason behind the failed learning-based intervention in the Ljusnan River basin. The same chapter, however, also introduces the example of the Penobscot Basin, in the United States, where a learning-based intervention has produced significant river restoration outcomes while preserving hydropower generation at previous levels. Chapter 4 identifies the legal arrangements surrounding non-federal hydropower facilities in the United States, notably time-bound permits, as an important reason as to why the learning-based intervention in the Penobscot Basin produced results that increased policy coherence between different environmental policy goals. Based on these answers to the two research questions, an overarching insight from the thesis is that the shape and formulation of legislation constitutes a significant variable, in determining the appropriateness of learning in environmental policy implementation that contains high conflict. The thesis’ analysis suggests that learning, together with favorable legislation, could be a viable way of dealing with complexity, while preventing the inaction that may arise from stakeholder conflicts of interest. Through its empirical cases, this thesis provides evidence and arguments that relate observed behavioral changes to the policy of interest, in varying degrees. Moreover, the examples, in the discussion of environmental policy implementation affecting fisheries and agriculture, show that the findings are also relevant to situations of environmental policy implementation that affect the industrial use and extraction of natural resources more broadly. The thesis ends by offering a suggestion to policymakers who are faced with ineffective implementations of environmental policy: that they recognize the requirements and limits of learning, particularly in high conflict situations.

The influence of government environmental policy on the tourism industry in Taiwan, particularly the hotels sector, is investigated through in-depth interviews with 69 key decision-makers in government, tourism and the hotel industry. Findings are generated in five main areas: government policy; government administrative systems; the implementation of environmental policy in the tourism industry; the effects of environmental policy on the hotel sector; and areas for further research. The paper concludes that although the Taiwanese government is committed to environmental protection, it is clear that a more coherent, co-ordinated approach to the development, implementation and monitoring of environmental policy is needed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The influence of government environmental policy on the tourism industry in Taiwan, particularly the hotels sector, is investigated through in-depth interviews with 69 key decision-makers in government, tourism and the hotel industry. Findings are generated in five main areas: government policy; government administrative systems; the implementation of environmental policy in the tourism industry; the effects of environmental policy on the hotel sector; and areas for further research. The paper concludes that although the Taiwanese government is committed to environmental protection, it is clear that a more coherent, co-ordinated approach to the development, implementation and monitoring of environmental policy is needed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Organizations are increasingly being held to account by a broad range of stakeholders to deliver products and services in an environmentally sustainable way. Within this context, employees are increasingly being recognized as important to the successful implementation of organizational environmental policies, procedures, practices, and initiatives. For organizations to successfully achieve environmental objectives, they need to enable a range of supports that promote employee enthusiasm for pro-environmental action, and that motivate employees to proactively engage in pro-environmental behaviors. The present study contributes to the employee sustainability literature by showing how four different sources of pro-environmental support influence employee pro-environmental engagement and pro-environmental proactive behavior. More specifically, and drawing from organizational support and engagement theory, the study tests a model analysing the impact of pro-environmental senior leader support, pro-environmental organizational support, pro-environmental supervisor support, and pro-environmental co-worker support on pro-environmental engagement, and, in turn, on pro-environmental proactive behavior. On-line survey responses from 347 Australian employees aged from 18 to 80 years old, working full-time or part-time, in a variety of industries were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modelling revealed support for the validity of the measures and for the relationships proposed. Overall, taking account of direct and indirect effects, the model accounted for 64% of the variance in pro-environmental engagement, and 43% of the variance in pro-environmental proactive behavior. All four sources of support significantly predicted pro-environmental engagement and, as proposed supervisor, coworker support, and pro-environmental engagement predicted pro-environmental proactive behavior. Relative weights analysis established that pro-environmental coworker support was the strongest predictor of pro-environmental engagement and proactive behavior. The results extend pro-environmental engagement theory by showing how different sources of pro-environmental support influence employee pro-environmental motivation and proactive behavior. The research also extends previous theory and research by showing that pro-environmental engagement had a significant influence on employee proactive behavior. Overall, the research suggests that through a focus on the provision of a range of supports, organizations can implement targeted and evidence-based employee-centred initiatives to become more sustainable, and to better meet their pro-environmental strategic goals.

Variation in the implementation of environmental policies in urban China has received widespread scholarly attention, but the extensive heterogeneity in local governance frameworks has remained under-studied. Leaning on the abundant, new institutionalism theory, this article suggests that the concept of institutional configuration can bring structure to the analysis of local complex governance frameworks and help identify factors that create different approaches to environmental policies. This study analyses the construction of approaches to new environmental education policies in three urban districts in Tianjin to illustrate how the suggested conceptual framework applies to centrally administered Chinese cities. The findings show that different combinations of formal and socio-cultural factors emerge as decisive in the institutional configuration of each district. This study also reveals new interesting nuances in the motivations behind environmental policy implementation.

Authoritarian environmentalism and environmental policy implementation in China

Government environmental institutions initiate and support the policy-making process, facilitate the development and implementation of environmental policies, and ensure compliance with environmental requirements. Several governments are moving away from the direct provision of services (e.g. water supply and sanitation, waste management) and towards regulating private markets for service provision. Although most OECD environment ministries have cabinet status, they often struggle to get approval for sufficiently ambitious environmental policies. Environment ministries need to work closely with other ministries, private sector and civil society for the development and implementation of environmental policies. This chapter examines recent trends and possible future developments in the institutions for developing and implementing environmental policies at the national and sub-national level. It identifies some of the main obstacles to successful environmental policy reform, and suggests how these can be addressed to build acceptance for ambitious environmental policies and to enhance the benefits of reform.