Environmental Assessment of Antang Landfill, Makassar, Indonesia, Based on Magnetic Susceptibility, Mineralogy, and Morphology Characterization of Magnetic Mineral Soil

Apples Plantation is one of the national agricultural assets, especially fruits commodities. This study examined magnetic properties, especially magnetic susceptibility and morphology of magnetic minerals in orchards soils Batu Malang. The magnetic susceptibility test was conducted using Bartington MS2B and magnetic minerals morphology performed by SEM-EDX test. The results showed that the orchards soils magnetic susceptibility has a range of 2.58 – 8.26 × 10_6m3kg”1. The results of SEM-EDX test, indicate that magnetic minerals of orchards soils Batu Malang has octahedral shape, that may this magnetic mineral comes from pedogenic processes with various size is 40.64 – 143.07 μm. Some magnetic minerals are spherules that indicate the magnetic minerals come from anthropogenic processes with various size is 34.38 - 67.02 μm.

Guano sediments can record environmental changes in caves and be investigated through the magnetic mineral properties contained therein. The properties of magnetic guano depend on the type, concentration, shape and size of the magnetic mineral grains. These properties can provide clues to the cave-forming environment, both lithogenic and anthropogenic influences. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the magnetic properties, mineralogy, and magnetic mineral morphology of guano sediments in caves in the karst region of Maros, Indonesia, especially Bat caves and Dream caves. Guano samples were taken according to the condition of the cave floor. Magnetic susceptibility measurements are used to analyse the magnetic properties of guano sediments. X - Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM - EDS) measurements were used to analyze the mineralogy and morphology of the magnetic mineral guano sediments, respectively. The results show that the magnetic susceptibility value at low frequencies ranges from (0.072 - 1.476) x 10-6 m3 kg-1 for Bat cave guano. The χLF value of Dream cave guano ranged from (2.867 - 85.507) x 10-6 m3 kg-1. The χFD (%) of Bat cave guano samples (2.78 - 8.70) %, while χFD (%) of Dream cave guano samples (0 - 4.18) %. The analysis of magnetic susceptibility, mineralogy, and magnetic mineral morphology showed that the guano samples from both caves tended to be affected by the ferrimagnetic mineral of the iron-titanium oxide group, namely magnetite (Fe3O4). The grain hapesof the guano samples from the two caves are similar; they are oval and irregular, and there are also fractures and heterogeneous grain distribution. Thus, the magnetic mineral sources in Bat cave and Dream cave guano tend to come from magnetic minerals controlled by lithogenic and anthropogenic components.

Magnetic susceptibility and morphology of magnetic minerals have been explored to some samples from the different environment near the vicinity of human’s living, such as hot spring, apple plantation, paddy plantation, and reservoir. Magnetic susceptibility ranged from - 0.0009 × 10-6 m3/kg (Peat in central Borneo) to 98.27 × 10-6 m3/kg (Polluted Soil in Jalan Sukarno Hatta Malang). The grain size of magnetic mineral not more than that of 300 μm. Data analysis informs us that each environment where the magnetic minerals were deposited, influenced the two physical properties both of magnetic susceptibility and morphology of magnetic minerals. Regarding the environment process, magnetic susceptibility depends upon the grain size beside the kinds of magnetic minerals. So, it can be concluded that in every environment, the magnetic minerals have specific properties including magnetic susceptibility and the morphology of magnetic minerals.

Application of magnetic susceptibility in assessment of heavy metal contamination of Saxonian soil (Germany) caused by industrial dust deposition

The magnetic properties of Attock loess and its environmental significance in Pakistan

Peatlands are formed from the accumulation of organic matter that originate from weathering vegetation for a long time. Minerals within peatlands can come from volcanic ash and consist of several types of minerals, one of which is magnetic minerals. This research aims to look the morphology, elemental composition and type of magnetic minerals found in the Lake Diatas peatland in Solok Regency, Indonesia because magnetic minerals have different morphologies depending on the source. The selected samples were from core DD REP B 693, which had a high magnetic susceptibility value. The magnetic minerals in the peatland were imaged and identified using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which was equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The results of morphological analysis showed that peatland had oval-shaped minerals with fractures and are multidomainal. The Back Scattered Electron (BSE) images show that the minerals have a bright colored surface that indicates the presence of a high amount of Fe. The EDS results showed that magnetic minerals from the peatland predominately contain the elements Fe, Ti, Si, and O. Based on the relative proportions of these elements, the magnetic minerals that can be formed in peatland are Magnetite (Fe304) and Ilminite (FeTiO3)

The composition, morphology and magnetic susceptibility of the volcanic ash samples of Merapi volcano have been tested. The composition of elements in the samples was determined using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), magnetic minerals morphology was determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and magnetic susceptibility was determined using Bartington Magnetic Susceptibility meter MS2B. There are about 17 elements found in volcanic ash, with the largest percentage being silica (Si), which is around 45%; iron (Fe) element have a concentration of around 16% and aluminum (Al) around 12%. Meanwhile, other elements are in very low concentration. If it is used to track events related to the dynamics of the earth, that three elements can be used as proxy data. Based on the composition of Merapi volcanic ash, it is possible that the existing of magnetic minerals are dominated by iron titanium oxide. The size and shape of magnetic minerals are very diverse, ranging in size from tens to hundreds of micrometers. Meanwhile, the surface of the magnetic mineral also appears not smooth or porous. This condition is thought to occur due to heat with very high temperatures regarding magnetic minerals before and during the eruptions. Magnetic susceptibility measured at low frequency is in the range of 10 × 10−6 m3/kg for extract samples and 2200 × 10−6 m3/kg for non-extracted samples.

As an inlet of Sentani lake, Kamp Walker and Hubay rivers have a different environment characteristic, i.e. Kamp Walker has a proximate inhabitant, while Hubay has a relatively more natural environment. In this study, we conduct measurement of magnetic susceptibility, Fe content and morphology of magnetic mineral extracted from the two rivers surface sediment. The magnetic susceptibility of low frequency (χlf) of sediment samples from the two rivers are varies from 11.11 × 10−6 kg/m3 to 24.96 10−6 kg/m3 for Kamp Walker with dependence frequency susceptibility (χfd) from 0.031% to 0.367%. Meanwhile, for HubayRivers we find the χlf varies from 4.56 × 10−6 kg/m3 to 16.93 × 10−6 kg/m3 and χfd from 0.104% to 1.033%. Fe content of the sample from the two river are also has a different average i.e around 60% for Hubay and 50% for Kamp Walker, that may because of the source of magnetic minerals on sediment are mainly a lithogenic magnetic mineral in Hubay, and anthropogenic magnetic mineral in Kamp Walker. The morphology of magnetic mineral, based on the SEM image shows a rounded and crystalline shape.

Change of environment of a cave can be seen from the presence of magnetic minerals in guano. In this research the magnetic minerals identified a Guano in Bau-Bau caves, East Kalimantan. This research aim to look the morphology, elemental composition, the kind of magnetic minerals, and how magnetic minerals transport into the cave. Magnetic minerals in guano identified by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) that completed with Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (EDS). The result showed the morphology of magnetic minerals of the guano is oval and have some cracks, in addition to the grain size of magnetic minerals is multidomain, guano elements are Fe, O, Ti , Si, C, N , and Br. To determine the kind of magnetic minerals using Proust's Law. The results of calculation the kind of magnetic minerals that can form Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), Ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ) and Rutile (TiO 2 ) . This is indicates the magnetic grains estimated come from the external environment and during the rainy, transportation into the cave. Keywords : Change of environment, magnetic minerals, guano, SEM

Impact of organic carbon and iron bioavailability on the magnetic susceptibility of soils

Measurements of magnetic susceptibility have been performed for many purposes, such as to differentiate contaminated and non-contaminated soil, soil mapping, evaluate soil condition, and so forth. This study aims to understand the magnetic susceptibility profile and morphology of magnetic minerals on soils of the paddy plantation area in Madiun and Malang East Java. Samples were tested by Bartington MS2B magnetic susceptibility meter to identify magnetic susceptibility, and the image of Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X Ray (SEM-EDX) to see the morphology of magnetic minerals. Based on analysis data, both of paddy plantation area have an average of magnetic susceptibility low frequency (χlf) of about 167 × 10-8 m3/kg in Madiun plantation and about 210 × 10-8 m3/kg in Malang. The image of magnetic minerals strictly corresponds to magnetic susceptibility dependence frequency (χfd). The differences of volcanic ash contribution to that two areas are predicted to influence the magnetic mineral domain, which corresponds χfd.

Micro-samples of loose dust, paper and paper from areas of pages with accumulated dust were obtained from a collection that was on open display in an historic library with significant levels of particulate pollution. The present study examines the origin of these dust particles and their ingress into the library books. The samples were analysed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Qualitative point SEM-EDS was used to identify the characteristics and origins of individual particles, while bulk analysis was achieved by rastering the electron beam over whole samples. The inorganic fraction of the dust comprised 30–40% calcium sulfate, 10–20% sodium chloride and around 50% silicon dioxide, aluminosilicates, iron oxides/hydroxides and calcium carbonate. The ratios of these components were variously maintained as the dust penetrated between the pages of the book, suggesting that in some books sodium chloride moved as a solid, and not in a solution. This preliminary study suggests that SEM-EDS is a useful tool, not only in the determination of the identities of dust particles and their origin, but also in estimating the relative amounts of dust species and the extent to which they have moved into the book.

PurposeThis study aims to examine the potential of three novel inorganic compounds, namely, Bi4 B2 O9, Bi2.4 B1.2 Ba0.4 O5.8 and Bi0.8 B0.4 Ba0.8 O2.6, as sustainable and environmentally friendly inhibitors for the mitigation of copper corrosion in a corrosive environment containing 0.5 M H2SO4. The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of inorganic products with low concentrations and the impact of surface roughness generated by corrosion on copper, with the aim of improving its corrosion resistance.Design/methodology/approachIn the present study, we tested bismuth-borate glasses as inorganic inhibitors. These glasses were prepared by the conventional melt-quenching method. To assess the inhibition processes, a number of techniques were used, including potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to study corrosion resistance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine the microstructure of the copper surface.FindingsThe findings show that the three inhibitors studied have higher inhibition efficiencies at the optimum concentration (10–3 M), reaching 90.1% for Bi4 B2 O9, 90.5% for Bi2.4 B1.2 Ba0.4 O5.8 and 90.8% for Bi0.8 B0.4 Ba0.8 O2.6. Furthermore, the results suggest that the three products behave as mixed-type inhibitors. Tests using XRD, FT-IR, SEM/EDS and AFM revealed that the addition of the inhibitors to the acid solution significantly delayed the formation of Cu2O oxides. This led to the formation of a protective barrier that reduced damage to the copper metal surface, resulting in a smoother surface morphology.Originality/valueThe objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of new inorganic corrosion inhibitors in preventing copper corrosion in an acidic solution containing H2SO4. Our research stands out by employing advanced techniques such as Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for a comprehensive analysis. The results demonstrate that the three inhibitors are highly effective in preventing copper corrosion. Additionally, this study provides novel insights into the varying impacts of these inhibitors on corrosion protection, highlighting their potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional inhibitors such as organic inhibitors.

The same sherd was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and a micro X-ray fluorescence tube attached to a scanning electron microscope (Micro-XRF-SEM) to compare the effectiveness of elemental detection of iron-based pigment. To enhance SEM-EDS mapping, the sherd was carbon coated. The carbon coating was not required to produce Micro-XRF-SEM maps but was applied to maintain an unbiased comparison between the systems. The Micro-XRF-SEM analysis was capable of lower limits of detection than that of the SEM-EDS system, and therefore the Micro-XRF-SEM system could produce elemental maps of elements not easily detected by SEM-EDS mapping systems. Because SEM-EDS and Micro-XRF-SEM have been used for imaging and chemical analysis of biological samples, this comparison of the detection systems should be useful to biologists, especially those involved in bone or tooth (hard tissue) analysis.

This study aims to determine the effect of grain size on magnetic susceptibility and median destructive field. The samples were iron sand taken from Senggigi beach, West Lombok. Samples were prepared in extract and non-extract. The extracted samples were then subjected to grinding for 1,2, 3, and 4 hours. Both extracted and non-extracted samples were tested using X-ray Fluoroscene (XRF) to determine the chemical element. The extracted sample was tested using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to detect magnetic mineral morphology. All samples were characterized using magnetic susceptibility and magnetic remanent stability by MDF analysis. Based on data analysis, the composition of iron sand is dominated by Fe, about 76.61% before extracting and 78.60% after extracting. The magnetic susceptibility of iron sand ranges from 4.896 x 10−4 m3 I kg to 6.333 x 10−4 m3 I kg. Magnetic remanent stability is indicated by an increase in MDF means that the magnetic mineral is dominated by Multi-Domain (MD). The grain size of the magnetic mineral decreases following the time of grinding. These results are supported by the SEM image. Based on the data, it can be concluded that if the magnetic mineral grain size is greater when the magnetic susceptibility decreases.