Entrepreneurial Becomings: Transformation, Crisis, and Aspiration in the Global Rise of Microentrepreneurship

1. Introduction Over the past two decades reform need arose in the European welfare states, deriving from demographic factors, employment crises and public debt (Thalassinos et al. 2010). The evolution of security benefits since the 1990s reflects that in many EU countries the dismantling of the welfare state is already obvious. These tendencies are in part explained by the reforms of pension and healthcare systems, which account for 70-80 per cent of all welfare state expenditure. The global economic and financial crisis and the subsequent weaker growth are putting under pressure the European welfare states. Cuts in services, as well as tax and contribution increases are further entrenching the process of recommodification which has characterized the reform of European welfare states for years (Busch, 2010). Nonetheless, in the EU collective coverage of risks is comprehensive (3) and welfare spending accounts for 16-30% of GDP; this is why the repercussions of the global financial crisis mark a particularly serious stress test for the European welfare states. The unequal economic development and the catch-up processes (typical for the EU) determined also the dumping. While in countries like Greece, Hungary and Portugal the economic catch-up process has gone along with an expansion of the welfare state, in other states (Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Spain) the welfare state has been retrenched, in spite of the economic progress. The new EU members from Central and Eastern Europe, with their stigmatization of socialism during the transformation from centrally planned economies to market economies, embraced the neo-liberalism typical for USA and Great Britain (4). As people sought to escape socialist paternalism and enforced entitlements such as unified corporate housing or corporate holidays, the general perception of the word social became increasingly negative (Vecernik, 1993). The global economic crisis had a dual effect for the security systems: (1) due to higher unemployment, the expenditures of insurance are increasing and (2) tax and contribution revenues are falling as a consequence of lower economic growth. Taking into consideration that most European states have used large rescue packages in response to the crisis and to bale out the financial sector, larger deficits have emerged in state budgets and in the budgets of insurance (Thalassinos and Politis 2011). Analyzing the state of the public budgets of EU countries in the wake of the global crisis, the European Commission (2009) indicated three measures: 1. the reduction of deficit and debt ratios; 2. an increase in employment rates and 3. security reforms, especially of pension and healthcare systems. These effects of the economic global crisis on the European welfare states were already investigated in a series of recent papers. For example, Diamond and Lodge (2013) present a comparative analysis of contemporary and future changes in welfare states and examine divergent trajectories of development across Europe in the aftermath of the crisis. They draw lessons from quantitative public opinion surveys in three key EU member states (France, Denmark and UK) to inform debate on the future shape of welfare states after the global crisis. Starting from the assumption that policy reactions to economic crises vary significantly across countries, Stake et al. (2012) make a comparative study on welfare state responses to three major economic crises (1970s oil shocks, 1990s recession, current financial crisis) in four OECD countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden and Australia). Another interesting contribution is that of Hemerijck and Vandenbroucke (2012), who revisit policy as productive factor and link the euro crisis to the imperative of defining a Europe. …

Aims: This research carefully assessed the role of innovation spaces towards the youth's engagement in entrepreneurship, with independent variables; entrepreneurship training, funding, co-working space, and entrepreneurship competition.
 Study Design: The design of this study is a convergent parallel design.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Kiota hub, Tatua hub, and Rlabs in the Iringa region, between November 2022 and September 2023.
 Methodology: Data, both quantitative and qualitative, were collected from 90 respondents (87 youth entrepreneurs, 3 hub managers), utilizing closed-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data underwent descriptive and inferential analyses whereas qualitative data were analyzed thematically.
 Results: All 90 respondents participated successfully, hence a response rate of 100%. The correlation coefficient and P-values for the role of entrepreneurship training, funding, co-working space and entrepreneurship competition are (.703, P=.000), (.738, P=.000), (.511, P=.000) and (.698, P=.000) respectively, confirming their statistical significances towards the engagement of the youth in entrepreneurship. Also, thematic analysis results indicate that entrepreneurship training transforms mindsets and equips youths with entrepreneurial skills, funding is crucial for covering the startup costs, co-working spaces foster a co-creation culture and networking, and entrepreneurship competitions are natural motivators towards the youth's engagement in entrepreneurship.
 Conclusion: Entrepreneurship training, funding, co-working space, and entrepreneurship competition play significant roles towards the youth's engagement in entrepreneurship. The findings of this research offer valuable insights for innovation spaces to work on the factors that truly contribute towards youths’ entrepreneurship engagement; educational institutions to design learning models that inspire the application of knowledge and establish innovation spaces to promote youth entrepreneurship; and the government to review policies that hinder the engagement of the youth in entrepreneurship.

Zoonotic Parasites of Sheltered and Stray Dogs in the Era of the Global Economic and Political Crisis

Over the last ten years Turkey has gone through two different types of crises, namely the global economic crisis of 2008–2009 and the (geo)political crisis after 2015. This paper analyses the resilience of the economy of the tourism city of Antalya to both crises by focusing on the development of GDP of its inbound tourism countries and the births and deaths of both tourism and non‐tourism firms. The impact of the global economic crisis was moderate. The (geo)political crisis of 2016, by contrast, had a strong impact on Antalya’s economy. The city’s tourism arrivals strongly decreased, new firm formation stagnated, although the death rate of firms did not increase, and the sectoral diversification of new firms declined. Antalya conforms more to the engineering type of resilience to both crises than to the adaptive one which requires ability/willingness to shift into new sectors.

The global economic crisis of 2008-2010 had an impact on the global economic slowdown. Plus the political crisis in the countries of the Middle East region called the Arab Spring had become the center of world attention, because it also lowers economic conditions and corporate America and in other developing countries. By using daily data price of crude oil, the price of gold and exchange rates as well Rp./USD IDX Composite Index from the year 2010 - 2012, tested the impact of crude oil prices, global gold prices on the Stock Exchange Composite Index. The result was at the time of global economic and political crisis in oil prices and the world gold price positively affects JCI opposed to when normal conditions. When the economic crisis plus the political crisis that led to the oil price increases, the share price (CSPI) on the Stock Exchange also increased. Funds drawn investors from investing in the United States and other developing countries is invested in Indonesia so that stock prices rise along with oil prices and gold prices. While the exchange rate negatively affects Rp./USD JCI Stock Exchange, as a stronger rupiah lead JCI Stock Exchange also increased

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the synergies, similarities and differences between entrepreneurship and innovation education and training programs, with the aim of challenging the context of such programs.Design/methodology/approach– This study utilises an extensive review of extant literature in the fields of innovation, entrepreneurship and education. The literature, propositions and discussion are intended to provide a bridge between entrepreneurship and innovation education and training programs and seek to address the scientific legitimacy of these education and training disciplines as separate, yet integrated disciplines.Findings– Identifies a need to reconsider the diversity and relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship education and training, primarily from contextual, theoretical, measurement, distinctiveness, content, pedagogical and typology points of view. The range of multiple teaching models and learning processes to embrace in various contexts.Research limitations/implications– The propositions allow for the combination of teaching initiatives in a theory-driven framework and their applicability to specific entrepreneurship and innovation education and training situations.Practical implications– The authors’ contribution identifies the synergies and differences between entrepreneurship education and training programs. The propositions highlight areas of contextualisation and practice-based view application, to adopt specific learning initiatives between constructs.Originality/value– The authors address a gap in the literature regarding the delineation of entrepreneurship and innovation education and training, which has thus far remained sparsely addressed in the education and training literature. The authors provide a practice-based view of propositions, developed for future testing.

Rethinking Entrepreneurship Education and Training in Cameroon

This study aims to analyze how entrepreneurship education and training affect entrepreneurial motives in vocational school students in Mojokerto City. Using a qualitative approach with a case study method, this study explores students' experiences, perceptions, and views regarding the learning process and entrepreneurship training they receive. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and document analysis from several vocational schools that were the subject of the research. The results of the study show that entrepreneurship education has a significant influence on students' mindset and attitude towards entrepreneurship, especially in building confidence and courage to start a business. Meanwhile, entrepreneurship training provides students with hands-on experience in developing practical skills relevant to the business world. Supporting factors such as teacher involvement, training facilities, and school support play an important role in maximizing the impact of education and training. This study concludes that integrated entrepreneurship education and training can encourage students to have a stronger entrepreneurial motive. As a recommendation, it is necessary to develop a more applicable and local potential-based entrepreneurship learning model to increase its relevance and effectiveness.

There is general consensuses among scholars on the importance of international trade and foreign direct investment as a main macroeconomic variables that drive economic growth of developing countries. However, the global economic crisis plays dominant role in determining the movement of these macroeconomic variables that can change the nomenclature of economic activities in relation with trade and FDI inflow. For this purpose, this study investigates the relationship between trade openness, FDI inflow and economic growth of Nigeria by accounting for the effects of global economic crisis of 2007–2008 and commodity crisis of 2016 using Bayer and Hanck (in J Time Ser Anal 34(1):83–95, 2013) approach to cointegration and augmented autoregressive distributed lag (AARDL) method on time series data from 1982 to 2018. The results provide evidence that (1) global economic crisis significantly dampens economic growth. (2) The negative interaction of total trade, FDI and global financial economic crisis is substantive enough to dampen the trade-growth and FDI-growth led relationship. (3) The negative interaction of FDI-inflow with global economic crisis is more pronounced and substantive in the long run than the short run. This study recommends for policy option positioned towards escalating specific fiscal measure that should provide a sound legislative rules and reductions in taxes for international investors; stimulus measures targeting measures to control public spending, which had previously fuelled economic expansion.

Introduction. The expansion of the boundaries of cryptocurrencies in the context of economic uncertainty arising from the impact of conventional military and political conflicts and the significant replacement of fiat currencies and monetary money with cryptocurrency coins in the context of instability caused by war and sanctions in many countries and sectors of the economy due to the short historical period of cryptocurrency coins as a new type of electronic money have not been sufficiently studied. Methods. The methodological basis of the scientific research was formed by general and special research methods. The following research methods were used during the writing of the article: direct observation was carried out - the collection of information on the total market capitalization of crypto currencies and the amount of gross GDP of the People's Republic of China and the United States of America during 2013-2022, the number of owners of crypto currencies in some countries and their place in the Global Index adoption of crypto currencies in 2022; information processing methods are applied to confirm hypotheses; methods of analysis and synthesis; grouping and comparison; data visualization method. Results. The article considers global economic and military-political crises, which often lead to an increase in interest in cryptocurrencies as a «safe haven» for capital in the context of instability of national currencies and financial systems. The attractiveness of cryptocurrencies as an alternative investment instrument is established. Significant fluctuations in the prices of cryptocurrencies during economic crises are identified, which highlights the risks of using them as a means of preserving capital. The relationship between global economic and military-political crises and the dynamics of the cryptocurrency market is analysed, with an emphasis on the latest trends. The article examines how changes in regulatory policy in response to military and political crises affect cryptocurrency markets, offering a new perspective on the interaction between state regulation and decentralised financial systems. Discussion. The results of the study help investors and traders better understand the risks and opportunities associated with investing in crypto currencies in the context of global economic and military-political crises. The use of the developed forecasting methodology can contribute to more effective portfolio management, allowing to minimize risks and optimize the yield potential. Analyzing the interaction between the crypto currency market and global crises can be useful for regulators seeking to understand potential risks to financial stability and develop appropriate regulatory and policy solutions to manage these risks. Identifying specific patterns of market and investor behavior during crises provides valuable information for developing new products or improving existing ones in order to increase their attractiveness and security for users. The study offers new insights into the impact of macroeconomic and geopolitical factors on emerging financial assets, enriching the theoretical framework in the field of crisis economics and digital finance. Keywords: crypto currencies, global crises, economic instability, military-political conflicts, market volatility, investor behavior, geopolitical influence, regulatory policy, risk management

Economic crises have been demonstrated to have profound consequences on the tourism industry. Insights from previous global economic and financial crises can provide valuable perspectives on the economic crisis accompanying the war in Eastern Europe. Through a survey conducted during the off-peak seasons of 2008, 2009/2010, and 2010/2011, we compared satisfaction with the attributes of the Algarve—a region globally recognized by the 3S’s— before global and domestic crises and after the global crisis. Our findings reveal that the international and domestic crises have not affected the image of the Algarve. However, this observation conceals shifts in how tourists perceive the destination's attributes. The valuation of accommodations and beaches declined between the pre and post-global crises. At the same time, the friendliness of locals and safety were more negatively impacted when comparing tourists’ assessments before the domestic crisis and after the global crisis. Results indicate that price reduction strategies adversely affect tourists’ assessments of the "value for money." This impact is more pronounced for tourists with higher education levels, who employ fewer "slicing" strategies. Furthermore, non-sovereign debt tourists appear to be more dissatisfied with a price reduction policy, possibly due to changes in the composition and quality of the offered packages.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to show how socially responsible investment (SRI) could represent a powerful tool (trust recovering in political and economic institutions) in the case of failure or stagnation of economic and financial growth. The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the current status of SRI in the context of the recent financial and economic crises. The main objective of this analysis is to consider the different benefits and challenges that this type of investment transactions bring into the international economy, and how SRI entrance could represent a major benefit not only for investors a different approach to corporate sustainability but as an important possibility in times of global economic and political crisis. Methodology/approach By analysing the literature about SRI, it has been developed a discussion regarding its benefits and obstacles in today’s financial scenario. By evaluating the performance of SRI in the context of the global financial crisis and the important opportunities regarding development, we would like to present the SRI as an important tool in today’s Post 2015 development agenda. Findings After revising the existent literature, it has been found that there are two important discussions in the field of SRI. The first one is related with the financial performance of SRI in contrast with the conventional investment funds while the second one is related with important considerations about the SRI in the context of the global financial crisis. After considering the arguments from the different authors, we address some conclusions regarding the importance of SRI in nowadays sustainable development discussion. Practical implications Due to failure in the traditional modus operandi of financial institutions and the recent global crises, investors, corporate executives and governments are increasingly paying more attention on the social, environmental and ethical behaviour of individual managers, shareholders and institutional investors. Therefore, it is being observed a shift and maturing process in SRI from an exclusive practice of few and specialised niche investment funds with minor financial implications and limited economic importance, to mainstream adopted by a growing number of institutional investors at the international level. This shift may influence companies and managers to adopt universal values and to assume a committed and strategic CSR agenda to respond to markets and societal expectations, in order to have guilt-free and sustainable investment and sustainable financial markets. Originality/value Within the context of the Post 2015 development agenda, the role of business and the private sector has become crucial for funding the new sustainable development goals (SDGs). This chapter not only discussed the relationship between SRI as an alternative to overcome financial crises and lack of sustainability in investment, but it does also conceptually demonstrates the potential of SRI to achieve the funding of the SDGs.

ABSTRACTA body of literature has examined the role of ‘crises’ on policy-making. Yet, we observe that endogenous or exogenous events called ‘crisis-events’ are often randomly chosen as sweeping explanations for reforms in migration and integration policy. Thus, we attempt to find answers for the question of how the latest financial and economic crisis affected policy-making in the area of migration and integration. We apply a combination of interest-based and ideas-based theories to the case of Belgium in order to question the role of crises in policy reforms in the field of migration and integration. Multiple political and economic crises have affected the country since 2007. Examining these crises and immigration politics we argue that electoral competition both between and within the Francophone and Flemish party systems continues to be the main driver of migration and integration policy reform. Yet, we also discover a cumulative effect of economic and political crises: while the intention of restricting immigration has remained largely unchanged over the years, the policy instruments employed to reach this objective have changed with the political and economic crises.

The engagement of entrepreneurs in entrepreneurial operations is often hampered by its inability to obtain the required resources and the suitable knowledge and skills. The primary aim of this mixed methods study was to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial engagement of business graduates in Region XI. The study employed a convergent mixed methods design, where 300 purposively chosen respondents participated in the quantitative strand and 17 in the qualitative part. Empirical data revealed that the overall entrepreneurial engagement and entrepreneurial education of business graduates were high, whereas the entrepreneurial motivation was very high. Moreover, the findings indicated that entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial education had significant combined influence on entrepreneurial engagement with the former having a greater influence on entrepreneurial engagement. On the qualitative strand, the following a priori themes were generated: behavioral control, subjective norm, attitude towards self-employment, non-cognitive entrepreneurial skills, cognitive entrepreneurial skill, action-based teaching methods, and school engagement. As to the quantitative and qualitative data corroboration, the nature of integration is merging-confirmation.

Entrepreneurship education and training are essential for female entrepreneurs who juggle family expectations, personal life, and new ventures at the same time. Indeed, generic entrepreneurship training may fail to promote understanding in gender literacy and its relationship with creating and managing business entities. To help address gender gaps, this article explores gender issues in the training process for female entrepreneurs, the researcher collected primary data from 28 trainers through personal interviews and secondary data from the 43 training evaluation forms from trainees who participated in the national entrepreneurship training programs in Thailand. The researcher identifies three themes that are related to gender gaps and effectiveness in the entrepreneurship training context. They include (1) gender mainstreaming, (2) gender-sensitive training approaches, and (3) the adoption of proper technology and innovation for female entrepreneurs. Secondary data also confirm that female entrepreneurs in this study address the need for professional development that promotes them to engage in gender competencies, technology, and innovation for new ventures. The opportunity for professional development can be limited by family and social commitments. Engaging with experienced female entrepreneurs and business role models can promote understanding in the three areas among female entrepreneurs. This article outlines a novel approach in synergizing gender issues, training, and entrepreneurship skills. It concludes with some explanations of the relative efficacy of entrepreneurship training that reduces gender gaps for female entrepreneurs.