Entre el discurso verde y la práctica urbana: arquitectura residencial sustentable en altura en Cochabamba

Smart growth means improving the performance in education, research and innovation and in digital society, using information and communication technologies. This paper attempts to critically analyses blue smart growth, as the long term strategy to support sustainable growth, both in marine and maritime related sectors, in order to define its contribution to achieve the goals of the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. There is little doubt that in order to face current economic crisis, Europe needs the contribution of all sectors of its economy. In this context, the marine and maritime sectors – the 'blue economy' – have an important role to play in the overall road to Europe's economic recovery and could make a major contribution to the objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The initiative focuses on:
 
 identifying a number of weaknesses to tackle barriers to innovation: under-investment in knowledge, poor access to finance, the high cost of intellectual property rights, slow progress towards interoperable standards, ineffective use of public procurement and duplications in research.
 tackling gaps in knowledge and data about the state of our oceans, seabed resources, marine life and risks to habitats and ecosystems;
 supporting the implementation of maritime spatial planning and knowledge-based support to management and decision-making towards the sustainable growth of the EU Mediterranean maritime economy in response to the societal and environmental challenges;

Organizations today face increasing challenges related to environmental sustainability and social responsibility, requiring them to adopt modern management practices that enhance their sustainability and growth. This research aims to examine the concept of Green Human Resources Management (GHRM) and its role in supporting organizations' sustainable growth strategies. The research addresses the importance of adopting human resource management policies that take environmental dimensions into account, such as green recruitment and training, sustainable performance management, and rewards that promote positive environmental behaviors. It also explores the relationship between these dimensions and achieving sustainable organizational growth by improving operational efficiency, enhancing corporate image, and increasing employee and stakeholder satisfaction. The research relies on an analytical methodology that combines theoretical studies and practical experiences from organizations that have implemented green human resource strategies and achieved success in sustainable growth. The research concludes that integrating GHRM activities with organizational growth strategies leads to a sustainable competitive advantage and enhances organizations' ability to address modern environmental and economic challenges. What distinguishes our research from previous studies is its attempt to link the two disciplines of green human resource management and organizational growth strategy. This in itself is a rarity in this field compared to other research that links a single, precise discipline, given the importance of the role played by human resources and its impact on all business administration disciplines.

In the last decade, including in relation to architecture, it is widely used the concept of "sustainability". This term correlates with the Sustainable Concep development), adopted by the UN as a strategic direction since the 1980s. The UN Commission on Environment and Development "Our Common Future" is sustainable development is defined as the way in which ―the needs of the present generation are met without limiting the ability of the next generation to meet its needs. " In the article, the authors consider the concept of sustainable architecture, which has been developing in recent years and offers solutions to urban planning and architecture through sustainable development in the field of construction and architecture. Technical opportunities for the development of architecture of the XXI century. are impressive in scale. At the same time, more and more architects have to take into account the significant impact that their projects have on the development of urban and natural environments. Urban architecture is still going by creating high-rise projects and compacting urban development. Modern metropolitan cities, being held hostage to the past path of their development and still little changed approaches to them buildings are gradually becoming a multi-factor problem, threatening the peace and security of residents. One of the ways to solve this problem is the concept of sustainable architecture that has emerged in the last decade. Its use by experts proves thatArchitecture of the XXI century. not only can maximize comfort and safety space for people, but also able to change the appearance of cities and improve their true state. Sustainable architecture allows you to create projects that meet the needs of people and at the same time, they not only take care of the conservation of natural resources, but also improve their condition environment. Well-known British architect N. Foster metaphorically defines the stand architecture as "a way to reach the maximum with minimal means". In the context of these processes, it must be acknowledged that architects can have a significant impact on restoration ecological balance and ensuring a high quality of life for people, creating architectural an environment that satisfies human needs while preserving or even improving the state of nature. Such an architectural environment is sustainable. It should be noted at the outset that the term in the scientific literature is clearly defined missing. This article aims to clarify the definition of sustainable architecture and to specify its basic principles in the analysis of both theoretical works and existing architectural solutions. Because sustainable architecture focuses primarily on technology characteristics of objects, their aesthetic expressiveness and style qualities become certain a problem that is not addressed in this text but is clearly understood by the authors. The term "sustainable architecture" has become widespread, leading to some leveling its value. The absence of clear boundaries in the definition may make it possible to overlook a sustainable architecture that in reality is only indirectly related to resilience. Not only consumers and users can be misled by this definition architectural objects, but investors and participants in the construction process. Along with the term "sustainable architecture" is often used by such concepts as "green architecture", "eco-sustainable construction", "ecological architecture", "low-cost architecture", "high technology architecture", "bioclimatic architecture", "Energy efficient and smart construction". All of these concepts are related in various ways to the technology of construction and operation of buildings, which aims to reduce consumption energy and material resources while maintaining or improving quality buildings and the comfort of their indoor environment. However, not all of them indicate qualitative, generic features of architecture as an aesthetic kind of project activity. The authors show the evolution in the field of construction from energy efficient architecture - to green architecture and further to sustainable architecture. Refine definitions of sustainable architecture, explore principles and criteria for evaluating sustainable architecture of public buildings and structures. The main purpose of the article is to find out the essence of the concept of sustainable architecture, its necessity and perspective in modern urban planning. To accomplish this, some problems need to be solved. Expand the concept of sustainable architecture, explore the principles and criteria for evaluating sustainable architecture, analyze the world experience of creating sustainable architecture in concrete examples, and show the prospects for the development and implementation of the concept of sustainable architecture in the world and in Ukraine. Sustainable architecture is a must for the functional (utility), technical (durability) and aesthetic (beauty) properties. The article provides examples of world-class sustainable architecture projects that create sustainable architectural environments and clearly demonstrate their superiority over traditional objects. The concept of sustainable architecture is very relevant for Ukraine.

Problem Statement: The post-pandemic real estate market in Skopje has drastically altered apartment layouts. As apartment prices continue to rise, apartment sizes continue to shrink. The sudden appearance of unusual apartment layouts must be studied as phenomena of built space as evidence of architectural transformations as commodification (Herbert Marcuse, Commodification theory by Carl Marx According to Marx, Commodification is a process by which exchange value comes to dominate use value. Markets, money, and profit-orientation are instruments that facilitate the subjugation of use value to exchange value). The problem of this research is the reconsideration of the impact of the real estate market on architectural practices when designing apartment buildings, where a building is a product used merely in the real estate business. Purpose of Study: In the past four years, apartment prices per m2 in the Republic of North Macedonia have increased dramatically (30 - 40%) (independent variable) compared to prior years. The following has resulted to a decrease in the size of apartments (dependent variable). Even though there are regulations relating to the minimum size (qualitative methodology) of apartment spaces, it is widespread to come across apartments with a greater number of rooms in less space. This resulted in new apartment layouts determined exclusively by the real estate market. Through the examination of recently emerging new layouts of residential apartments in Skopje, this paper aims to identify, determine the correlation between real estate market and it’s impact that creates such an approach. This directional hypothesis examine quality of spatial organization as qualitative component in a relation to its size (m2) as quantitative component. Methods: The research is focused on newly constructed apartment buildings as case study. The research process will investigate and observe the size and layout of newly built and designed apartments. Findings and Results: The expected findings of this study will suggest that the design process for apartment buildings is entirely dictated by the real estate market, resulting in new apartment layouts that might or might not meet the comfort demands of users. Conclusions and Recommendations: This research re-presents architecture as one of the contemporary paradigms of the built environment based on the assumption that new apartment layouts offer new opportunities and possibilities for balancing the disparities between customer demand and customer available resources.

Contemporary Nigerian architecture seems to lack the ‘green’ in architecture due mainly to inadequate knowledge of the principles of sustainability; a serious environmental and sustainability problem. The objective of this paper therefore is to examine the degree of the spread of the knowledge of sustainable (green) architecture in the <em>South-South Region</em> of Nigeria. The result shall be used to judge what obtains in Nigeria and by extension, in most developing world countries, especially in Africa, south of the Sahara. This study will also create greater awareness among the practitioners of the profession. The study was done through the questionnaire/interview (technique), which sought to find how much the architects in the south-south of Nigeria knew about sustainable architecture. The analysis involved the use of means and percentages. The results of the analysis show that all the respondents agreed that the application of the principles of green architecture is very important in the practice of architecture in Nigeria, but only 12.5 % have clients who are knowledgeable about sustainability in the practice of architecture, The outcome of the analysis paved way for the conclusion and recommendations that, 1) many architects from Nigeria are yet to practice green architecture; a step they have to take if they must catch up with their counterparts from the developed nations, 2) Nigerian architects should be encouraged to train and retrain in the concepts and application of green architecture, 3) codes for sustainable building and designs should be introduced into building codes for use by all, 4) Governments and private organizations should encourage serious projects and researches on green architecture by providing funds and other necessary logistics.

As global awareness of environmental issues such as sustainable green architecture grows, the construction industry faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. In Nigeria, rapid urbanization and economic development necessitate a shift towards green building practices that mitigate environmental impacts while enhancing resource efficiency. The aim of this study is to assess the future of green architecture in Nigerian, with the view of advancing green architecture and sustainable building practices. Employing a quantitative research approach, data were collected from 200 subjects through structured questionnaires, representing 86.96% response rate. The results revealed high level of awareness of green and sustainable building practices among Nigerian architects and builders, with 66% consistently applying strategies like green architecture features such as improved indoor air quality, natural light and access to green spaces to promote user experience. Economic considerations and supportive regulations emerged as key assimilation motivators. However, significant barriers hinder broader adoption such as limited technical expertise, lack of government support, and outdated building codes that do not align with modern sustainability principles. While 77.5% rated insufficient knowledge as impeding the adoption of green architecture practices in the Nigerian construction industry, 74% observed insufficient government policies as militating against green architecture principles and practices. The findings highlight the need for targeted strategies such as strengthened educational and training programs, policy reforms, and private sector investments. Establishment of green building councils, industry collaborations and public awareness campaigns would accelerate sustainable green architecture adoption and surmount challenges. By addressing identified gaps, Nigeria can align its building practices with global sustainability goals contributing to environmental conservation, while architects, builders and developers lead the green sustainability transition while meeting local built environment needs, ensuring a more climate-compatible and socially equitable habitat creation.

This communication describes the parameter knowledge productivity, in what concerns national economies' and firms' sustainable growth. Taking knowledge, individual and social, as the foundation for value, it clarifies how society has a natural propensity to increase its value creation and, simultaneously, its value distribution. The discussion is about the optimum balance between value creation and distribution, the former being triggered by investment and the latter represented by labor costs and supporting consumption. The conclusions are, for whole economies, that society quickly distributes extra value in forms of salaries and social benefits increases, flattening the growth rate of knowledge productivity. However, for individual firms, knowledge productivity may increase steadily, what can be considered as a core strategy for firms' economic sustainable growth. I. INTRODUCTION Sustainable growth means constant or increasing growth for a long period. What is the right strategy to achieve this goal, at the firm's level? Many authors and models have produced a variety of answers, dealing with specific parts of the whole, like marketing strategies, R&D efforts, organization management, lean production and others. The aim is increasing profits, output, market shares, capital intensities, shareholders' equity, stakeholders' happiness, etc. However, is there an elemental and simple answer that defines a core strategy? I argue in this communication that the objective of increasing knowledge productivity is a good and simple basis for that. Data from OECD about Unit Labor Costs will be used to illustrate how knowledge productivity varies with economic growth and how society distributes value at about the same pace as creates it. The causal-effect relation between the two parameters, knowledge productivity and growth, will be justified by a logical argument, that shows how the increase of individual knowledge depends on action and work involving technology and capital. As such, investment should grow at least at the same pace as individual and social knowledge. On the other hand, consumption feeds individual knowledge maintenance and creates conditions for new knowledge, what leads to conclude that consumption is as crucial as investment. Finally, transferring these arguments to the firm's level, propositions will be outlined, relevant to the firm's growth strategy, which could be condensed in one only parameter - the increase of the firm's knowledge productivity. Two examples of economic sectors, from the Portuguese economy, will depict how the growth rate of knowledge productivity correlates with Gross Value Added (GVA) growth rate. I will use the term individual knowledge as the knowledge that exists and belongs to the individual and, as such, can not be directly assessed. It is expressed through work, therefore, indirectly valued. Social knowledge has a value attributed by society and may be recognized and accessed, as it is embodied in technological and capital forms.

The study does some discussions by putting green architecture and appropriate technology into the same framework. On the one hand, appropriate technology can be used as one of the design principle for green architecture, in order to help us assess scientifically to the architecture, and deepen the theory and practice of green architecture. On the other hand, the concept of appropriate technology which arisen from the West, will face the current situation of confrontation and challenge in China's regional social. The development of green architecture and appropriate technology will have been a interactional and mutual learning process for a very long time. The research not only put forward suggestions on theory and practice of green architecture and technology, but also rethink the applicability of current technological and social concept by the case of American Village homes green community, in order to open up the communication cooperation space and explore the feasibility for remolding the modern society.

In the digital era, global retail faces persistent decline, with shrinking margins. Traditional strategies, such as the marketing mix, show limited flexibility. This constrains adaptation and challenges long-term sustainability. Soft power is increasingly applied in retail but faces contextual and legitimacy challenges. Consequently, soft-power strategies in digital retail remain underexplored. This study extends soft power into digital business, examining its regional manifestations and retail implications. A blended literature review of theory, phenomenon, and practice is employed across 70 retail cases. The analysis covers Southeast/East Asia and Europe/Oceania. Analysis utilizes the Digital Business Comprehensive Soft Power Framework (D-CSPF) and the preliminary Sustainable Digital Growth Strategy Model (SDGSM). Findings reveal regional variation but an absence of sustained growth strategies. Soft power in retail remains symbolic, primarily enhancing legitimacy rather than driving sustainable transformation. Theoretically, this study extends soft power into digital business. The D-CSPF explains macro-level agility. Meanwhile, the SDGSM clarifies micro-level conceptual interactions between accelerated and sustainable growth. The D-CSPF guides policymakers in hybrid policies, and the SDGSM provides retailers readiness-based strategies through collective organisation and collaboration. Reconsidering policy–retailer alignment is vital for enhancing digital sustainability.

The upstream oil and gas sector faces a transformative challenge: achieving sustainable growth while maintaining profitability in an evolving global energy landscape. This paper proposes a conceptual framework to address this dual objective by examining critical dimensions of the sector's operations. It explores strategies for balancing sustainability and profitability, emphasizing the integration of innovative technologies such as carbon capture and renewable energy solutions. Commercialization strategies for emerging energy technologies are analyzed, highlighting the importance of scaling and stakeholder collaboration. Additionally, the paper investigates the influence of global and regional energy policies, market mechanisms, and future trends, including net-zero initiatives and green hydrogen development, on sustainable energy growth. The findings underscore the necessity of adopting sustainable practices, leveraging policy incentives, and fostering collaboration across the value chain. Recommendations are presented for industry stakeholders to align their strategies with sustainability goals, ensuring long-term competitiveness and environmental stewardship in the upstream sector.

In the 21st century, there has been a rapid degradation of the environment due to emissions of large quantities of CO2 and green house gases, produced by the burning of fossil fuels in order to provide thermal comfort to buildings. This has led to the concept of 'Sustainable Architecture', which works in harmony with nature and natural forces (sun-light, wind etc.) to create buildings that aim at minimizing consumption and preventing the depletion of natural resources. Sustainability requires that human activity exploits nature's resources only at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. In the context of Pakistan, our current practices in architecture are based on western solutions to requirements of comfort provision, leading to a growing dependence on fossil fuels, and resulting in rapid environmental degradation. Rapoport (1969) states that modern solutions to climatic problems often do not work, and homes are made bearable by mechanical means whose cost sometimes exceeds that of the building shell! Before western ideals were imported to create architecture within the local context, indigenous architecture made a conscious effort to balance the natural environment with human habitation and lifestyles. Indigenous buildings collaborated with nature to give comfort (Rapoport, 1969). In this paper the climate responsiveness and appropriateness of the Sethi Haveli, Peshawar, are analyzed in order to understand indigenous responses to the issues of sustainable thermal comfort. The paper focuses on the natural ventilation methods employed in the Allah Buksh Sethi Haveli and in particular the basements of the haveli, in order to understand how natural, renewable sources of energy produce comfortable yet sustainable environments. The design of these basements and their inlet and outlet ducts in particular, together with other mechanisms, promotes natural ventilation, and provides thermal comfort during the hot summer season. Key words: sustainable architecture, Sethi Haveli, indigenous architecture, natural ventilation, thermal comfort

During the last decades, the increasing need to ensure building performance during architectural design has led to highly interactive relations between architecture and various other disciplines, in which concepts of sustainability and building performance are tightly integrated into the design process. However, the adoption of these concepts in architectural practices and the recent advancements in the field have remained rather slow. This research aims to understand performative design (PD) in the context of existing design practices and investigate integrated design strategies and potentials of computational design throughout the whole design process. In this research, a qualitative study was carried out, focusing on PD processes in architectural practices based on semi-structured interviews and case studies. The collected data from nine selected architectural practices is analyzed through a thematic coding approach. The findings reveal that the widespread use of computational tools and technologies and the increasing awareness of both architects and clients on building performance have changed the design priorities in architectural practices. The results also show that the competence of the design team, the tools used during design processes, the involvement of direct and indirect stakeholders, shifting client demands, and market values are effective in pursuing an integrated PD process. Consequently, this research contributes to the current understanding of performative architectural design practices by investigating the key performance concepts, supporting computational tools, and finally the current practices of PD.

This paper explores the history, causes, and effects of the unending feud between the Architects Registration Council of Nigeria (ARCON) and the Nigerian Institute of Architects (NIA) on architects and architectural practice in the country (Nigeria). It tries to provide and carefully looks into the analysis of the establishment, the roles, and the functions of these organizations and examines their impact on the professional development and regulation of architects in the country, it also provides an overview of the architectural profession in Nigeria, examines the origins and development of ARCON and NIA, analyzes the factors contributing to their feud, and explores the consequences of this discord on architects and the architectural industry as a whole. These are archived through the exploration of relevant literature, official documents, and a review of interviews with key stakeholders where possible as it aims to shed light on the evolution of these organizations and their influence on architectural practice in Nigeria, it also seeks to present a detailed account of the significance and influence of ARCON and NIA on the architectural profession within the Nigerian context. By understanding the intricacies of this feud, policymakers, architects, and stakeholders can work towards finding a resolution that fosters a harmonious professional environment conducive to the growth and development of architecture in Nigeria.

Green building as a new concept is gaining more and more value, acts as an important mitigating measure against the negative side effects of economic activity in cities. The implementation of the ideas and practices of sustainable development in the construction industry has led to the emergence of a new direction – benvironmental (“green”) construction, which provides a much higher level of quality of facilities for constructed object. A study was carried out of the problems and prospects of green construction and architecture in cities. In this paper, the concept of green building and architecture is refined. The perception of green building and architecture practices by future construction industry professionals, the advantages and benefits of green building and architecture was investigated, factors that impede the implementation of green building in practice were identified. Currently, green building is little practiced for objective reasons. The practice of green building is hindered by a number of factors, for example, an unfavorable external environment in the form of policy or legislation, the economic situation in the country, negative market expectations, and lack of awareness. Health and increased productivity have been identified as the most important benefits of green building, followed by a reduction in the cost of construction and individual operations, and the conservation of natural resources. The recommendations addressed to non-governmental organizations, government bodies, professional communities are formulated.

A highly debateabletopicin architectural fraternity is the 'sustainable architecture' which has been addressed in many publications. Literature terminology applies to different types of such architecture: 1970s eco-design, 1980s green design, late 1980s and 1990s ecological design. This demonstrates the emergence of a construction-oriented architecture that prioritizes the natural environment until the mid-1990s. Sustainable architecture, on the other hand, as with all previous architecture approaches, can not only be considered a moral and architectural practice, but its contribution to social, cultural and economic infrastructure in the region. [1] UNESCO has coined "real life sustainability" to expand the overall concept of sustainable architecture from design to architecture incorporating local identity as part of the design process. [1] UNESCO coined the concept 'absolute sustainable life.'[2] Frampton aims to tackle local and contemporary global architectural culture at the same time as the notion of 'critical regionalism.' In his narrated essay, he stresses on value of sustainability in architecture as a cultural framework, not just a technique or process. [3] Culture defines a diverse concept that incorporates all intellectual activity of society. [4]Culture is; dynamic, exchanged, transformed into a new generation, expressed within the group and the person, interpreted in each community member. This includes laws, beliefs, principles, convictions and expectations. It transmits longevity and can improve the community's vitality. These are the assertion of "culture" in Matsumato's book "Psychology and Community."[5][6] The paper discusses about the sustainable cultural with architectural aspects. Part 1 discusses about eco-cultural architecture from various aspects of sustainable architecture. Next part 2 analyses world-class construction practices as eco-cultural reasoning practices, and part 3 discusses a case study of Turkey's sustainable solutions to local issues.