Enhancing Tourist Experiences in North Toraja through K-Means Clustering-Based Recommendation System

Satellite-based rainfall estimation plays a crucial role in regions with limited ground-based observations, such as South Sulawesi. However, the accuracy of these products varies spatially, underscoring the need for localized performance assessment. This study evaluates four widely used satellite rainfall products: Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), and Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) by comparing them against station observations using seven statistical accuracy indicators. To capture spatial variability in product performance, a K-Means clustering algorithm was applied to group regions with similar accuracy characteristics. This approach enables the classification of the study area into performance-based zones, facilitating region-specific recommendations. The results show that no single product consistently out-performs others across all clusters. IMERG performed best in Cluster Type 1 (North Toraja), with a Probability of Detection (POD) of 0.87 and a Critical Success Index (CSI) of 0.89. CHIRPS was most suitable in Cluster Type 2 (Pinrang, Enrekang, Sidrap, Soppeng, Bone) with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 12.3 mm. GPCP demonstrated the highest accuracy in Cluster Type 3 (Luwu, East Luwu, Palopo, Tanah Toraja, North Toraja, Makassar, Maros, Gowa, Takalar) with an RMSE of 10.5 mm, Pearson Correlation (PC) of 0.92, and BIAS of 0.05. Higher-elevation generally exhibited larger errors and lower detection capability, suggesting that terrain complexity influences satellite rainfall performance. These findings highlight the value of integrating clustering and terrain context into satellite rainfall validation frameworks.

The grouping of districts/cities in South Sulawesi province should be carried out as a material for planning and evaluating government program objectives. The aim is to increase human development figures based on the indicators that form the HDI including Life Expectancy (UHH) at birth, Expected Years of Schooling (HLS), Average Years of Schooling (RLS). Therefore, cluster analysis was used using the K-means method, which is a type of statistical analysis. This type of research is applied research with a quantitative approach by collecting and analyzing data using the K-Means Cluster method. The data used in the determination was sourced from the South Sulawesi Provincial Central Statistics Agency in 2023. The results of grouping using K-Means clusters showed that there were 3 clusters, where cluster 1 had 23 regencies/cities in the Southern Province consisting of the Selayar Islands, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, Takalar, Sinjai, Maros, Pangkep, Barru, Bone, Soppeng, Wajo, Luwu and North Luwu with low criteria. Cluster 2 has 3 regencies/cities, namely Makassar, Pare Pare and Palopo with high criteria. Cluster 3 has 8 regencies/cities, namely Bulukumba, Gowa, Sidrap, Pinrang, Enrekang, Tana Toraja, East Luwu and North Toraja with medium criteria. The suggestion in this research is that you can use indices and other methods to group districts/cities in South Sulawesi Province.

This study aims to determine the cultural potential of the Toraja tribe as a tourist attraction in Tana Toraja and North Toraja districts. With the research method using the type of data used by the author is qualitative data, namely a study aimed at describing and analyzing phenomena, events, activities, social, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, thoughts of people individually and in groups. In this study, the data obtained was based on the source, namely Primary Data. This data was obtained while the researcher was making observations in Tana Toraja and North Toraja Regencies. The data obtained in the form of images, facilities and files. Then Secondary Data Is data obtained from the source indirectly but has been collected by other parties and has been processed, in the form of archives, books, reports, and several documents. With data collection techniques, namely observation and literature study and documentation so that data analysis is carried out using descriptive qualitative. And the results of the research show that basically there are so many Toraja ethnic cultures which are very unique and still traditional which should be used as a tourist attraction and become a potential big event so as to advance Toraja society and at the same time introduce one of the thick cultures that is still very original and unique in the world of tourism. tribe living in the mountains of the northern part of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its population is estimated at around one million people, with 500,000 of them still living in Tana Toraja, North Toraja, and Mamasa districts. Thus, the Toraja tribe and culture have the potential to become a sustainable tourist attraction for the world.

The research aims to analyze the enforcement of sanctions against perpetrators of vandalism at tourist attractions in North Toraja and the obstacles to implementing sanctions in law enforcement against perpetrators of vandalism at tourist attractions based on Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2016. The research employed an empirical research method, using statutory and conceptual approaches. This research used primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through field research using interviews and observations, while secondary data was obtained through a literature study. The data obtained was then analyzed qualitatively and described to answer the research problem. The research results show that the sanction enforcement of Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2016 concerning the Implementation of Tourism in North Toraja has not complied with these regulations. In particular, cases of destruction of Ke'te' Kesu' carried out by perpetrators that are imposed with customary punishment, it is marked by the large number of unresolved cases and weak enforcement of sanctions. Obstacles in implementing sanctions in law enforcement are caused primarily by delays in information to the Civil Service Police Unit resulting in initial administrative action before being handed over to the Prosecutor's Office. Another obstacle is the absence of a memorandum of understanding between the Police, Prosecutor's Office, and Court, as well as budget limitations which affect the capacity of the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP) to protect tourists. A comprehensive approach is needed, including law enforcer training, inter-agency coordination, public legal education, and review of Regional Regulations to improve the fairness and appropriateness of sanctions.

Introduction: Malaria is an infectious disease that continues to be a public health issue worldwide, including in Indonesia. This study aims to detect the presence of Plasmodium parasites among immigrants from malaria endemic areas. Method: The research was conducted from September until November 2019 in three regency/cities in South Sulawesi, namely Makassar City, Tana Toraja and North Toraja. The population in this study were immigrants from malaria endemic areas (native Papua and non-Papua) who lived in the area for at least 2 years before visiting the cities of Makassar, Tana Toraja, or North Toraja. All samples were examined for malaria parasites using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: The results of the PCR test on 256 samples of migrants (native Papuan and non-Papuan) detected 19.53% positive for malaria. This research showed that a high prevalence of malaria parasites was found among asymptomatic immigrants, both native Papuans and non-Papuans in South Sulawesi. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the asymptomatic immigrants from endemic areas such as Papua need to be screened early because they may still have malaria parasites in their blood and become carriers, leading potential to cause local transmission.

The Ma'nene tradition is the cultural heritage of the Toraja tribe in Indonesia which is a tradition that should be implemented as a sign of love, and respect for the deceased family members. The Ma'nene tradition is generally related to the belief system revealed by the Toraja tribe's ancestor Aluk Todolo. It contains many philosophies such as belief, pride, ancient traditions, and civilizations which are all implicit in this tradition. The retention of the Ma'nene tradition as a tourist attraction is the focus in the village of Lalikan Pangala', North Toraja, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The methodology of this study uses a qualitative method through in-depth interviews by interviewing sixteen key informants, the method of observation of participating in this ceremony, and the secondary data source method for further information. The data analysis shows that the traditional Ma'nene ceremony is still preserved despite being a product of tourist attractions. The Ma'nene tradition ceremony is a cultural heritage that must be preserved for it to be the gaze of generations in the future.

The Influence of Social Media on Tourist Interest in North Toraja. The purpose of this research is to determine whether social media has an impact on tourist interest in North Toraja. Data collection techniques in this study include documentation, observation, and questionnaires. The population in this research consists of tourists visiting tourist attractions in North Toraja, with a sample size of 85 respondents. The data analysis technique used is a simple linear regression test. The results of partial testing (t-test) indicate that the social media variable has an influence on tourist interest in North Toraja.

This article discusses about the style of women leadership in the local government (Pemda) of North Toraja, South Sulawesi, which in their daily life is still highly upholds patriarchal culture. But in running out their functions, several strategic positions in local government of North Toraja are led by women. Data obtained by literature study, observation and interviews. The results showed that women leadership styles varied based on their character, background, education and career path. The sixth informant's leadership style was able to adjust to the conditions and situations in the field with subordinates who had diverse characters. Some informants were able to show significant achievements compared to the previous leaders held by male leaders. Related to the customs in North Toraja that are strong and uphold patriarchal culture, the six informants are still able to carry out their duties as leaders and be professional.
 Keywords: Leadership Style, Women Leader, North Toraja

In North Toraja district, there are many roads built on soft soil which have low carrying capacity. To get a high bearing capacity of soil, it can be done by adding chemicals (chemical stability). One of them is the addition of coconut shell ash and lime which are often found in North Toraja. The purpose of this study was to determine the CBR value and the value bearing capacity of soil with the addition of coconut shell ash and lime which is used as a soft soil stabilizer. The method used in this research is the experimental method in laboratory. Soft soil samples were taken from Bori Village, Sesean District, North Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi. With the addition of a mixture of coconut shell ash 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%, while for the lime mixture content of 2%. Based on the results of the study, it shows that soft soil stabilized with coconut shell ash and lime can increase the CBR value and soil bearing capacity. In soil without stabilized (native soil mixture), the CBR value was 6.47% and soil bearing capacity was 39.62%. For a mixture of 3% shell ash and 2% lime, the CBR value was 13.13% and the soil bearing capacity value was 49.21%. For a mixture of 6% shell ash and 2% lime, the CBR value was 31.32% and the soil bearing capacity value was 60%. For a mixture of 9% shell ash and 2% lime, the maximum value is 35.50% and the soil bearing capacity value is 61.45%.

This study aims to measure the allocative efficiency of inputs or production factors in katokkon chili farming with climate-friendly organic farming. This research was conducted in five villages spread across two districts, Tana Toraja and North Toraja, South Sulawesi. This study involved 100 respondents from each village with a census sampling method. The methods used in this study are Cobb-Douglas Stochastic Frontier and allocative efficiency analysis (AEA). The results showed that of the six variables contained in the Cobb-Douglas equation, Land Area (X1), Labor (X2), Compost (X3), Liquid Organic Fertilizer (X4), Vegetable Pesticides (X5), and Farm Capital (X6), only the allocation of farm capital (X6) did not have a significant effect on the production of katokkon chili (Y) in Tana Toraja and North Toraja. Furthermore, the five variables that had a significant effect on the production of katokkon chili were again tested in allocative efficiency analysis, with results showing that the allocative use of Compost, liquid organic fertilizer, and vegetable pesticides was considered efficient or by the usage procedure with the value of NPM / Px = 1. In comparison, the other variables, land area and labor, were allocative, not optimal NPM / Px >1. Hence, increasing land by an average of 72.69 m2 and a workforce of 39.95 HOK was necessary to achieve allocative efficiency.

Women in low income families and their quality of life: A study with a grounded research approach in South Sulawesi

BACKGROUND: The local fauna of mosquitoes may have an essential role in the transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. AIM: The future risk of mosquito-borne diseases needs to be considered by the presence of factors that support mosquitoes and pathogens, such as the habitats, presence of host reservoirs, and placement of livestock in settlements. METHODS: Mosquito catching methods used Animal Barrier Screen (ABS), Kelambu Trap (KT), and Human Landing Catch (HLC) in the wet and dry season. The role of a large animal in getting mosquito bites was analyzed based on the proportion of mosquitoes sampled by HLC to all collected mosquitoes. The potential vector of mosquitoes was projected based on the habitat, species density, and presence of host reservoirs. RESULTS: Pasangkayu district had more mosquito fauna compared to North Toraja and Maros. However, the separated placement of livestock in North Toraja resulted in fewer mosquito bites to humans compare with Maros, where livestock was caged or tied directly beside individual houses. The separated placement of livestock in North Toraja and Pasangkayu acted as a barrier, while scattered placement among houses at Maros acted more as a mosquito attractant. CONCLUSION: The habit of placing livestock separate from human settlements may reduce mosquito bites, reducing the risk of contracting mosquito-borne diseases. This finding proves using livestock as an outdoor vector control strategy to protect mosquito bites and disease transmission.

Lisnawati A, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir BDAS, Yusuf S, Ruslim Y. 2017. Agroforestry system biodiversity of Arabica coffee cultivation in North Toraja District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 741-751. Sustainable coffee plantation emphasizes the concept that is able to provide services that can improve the quality of the environment and the ecosystem as a conservation efforts. Arabica coffee plants do not need full sunlight that they are planted according to agroforestry system which covers simple mix system to complex system such as forest. Shade tree has a very big role in sustainable coffee agro-ecosystem and become one of the conditions in the world's coffee certification. This study aimed to analyze the role of shade trees lamtoro types (Leucaena glauca), and calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) used by companies as an agroforestry systems on coffee cultivation in North Toraja located at an altitude between 1050-1250 m above sea level, this study was conducted from January to December 2016. Result of the study suggests that the shade trees lamtoro and calliandra influence the amount of sunlight intensity that reaches coffee plant. The shaded and unshaded coffee plants received different sunlight intensity of every minute with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.98 for unshaded and R2 = 0.89 for under the shade of calliandra, with a diameter growth increased 7.8% year-1, increase growth (riap) diameter decreased 2% year-1. Cherry increased growth of 13.5% year-1 with an average weight of 3.81 g beans-1,while for the effect of lamtoro, the coefficient of determination is R2 = 0.98 for unshaded and R2 = 0.91 for under the shade. The percentage of light intensity outside and under the shade obtained from a 17 year coffee plant is on average of 58% for the types of tree of calliandra, while for lamtoro the average is of 72.5%, diameter growth of coffee tree in under shade lamtoro by 7.4% year-1 and increase of growth (riap) diameter decreased by 2.5% year-1, cherry growth increased by 13.3% year-1 with an average weight of 3.92 g beans-1. In addition to that, shading also affect the surrounding nutrient soil and maximum production of coffee is achieved at the age 17 years i.e. an average of 1.50 kg tree-1 for a shaded tree calliandra species and 1.35 kg tree-1 for lamtoro species.

Abstract. Rahma N, Hasan H, Ratnasari A, Wahid I. 2020. The application of novel methods of Animal Barrier Screen and Kelambu Trap for mosquitoe’s surveillance in South and West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4787-4794. Mosquito’s surveillance requires effective protocols to catch mosquitoes in a large number of species and individuals while safe for humans. The effectiveness of two novel trap methods was compared during dry and wet seasons in rural (Maros), semi-urban (North Toraja) both in South Sulawesi Province, and rural with coastal areas (Pasangkayu) in West Sulawesi Province. Animal Barrier Screen (ABS) is a barrier screen placed near livestock, while Kelambu Trap (KT) is an innovative form of mosquito net. Both trap innovations showed effective in catching mosquitoes, but ABS was more effective in trapping the mosquitos (8,589 individuals) than KT (8,350 individuals). In contrast, the species caught were more diverse in KT (43 species, nine genera) than that in ABS (36 species, seven genera). During the wet season, ABS and KT caught 4,848 individuals (27 species, five genera) and 4,749 individuals (36 species, eight species), respectively. Mosquitoes were the most abundant in Northern Toraja (6,338 individuals), followed by in Maros (5,566 individuals) then Pasangkayu (5,035 individuals), but mosquito diversity was the highest in Pasangkayu (nine genera, 33 species) compared to that in Northern Toraja (six genera, 27 species) and Maros (five genera, 25 species). Based on the effectiveness of this trap, innovative insecticide can be added into ABS and KT traps then placed in the field. The number of mosquitoes can be significantly reduced so that it can also lower the potential spread of the mosquitoes-born viruses.

Indonesia has a number of tourism potentials to be built and developed sustainably. The destination s of local and overseas tourists have experienced an excellent growth trend in recent years, especially in North Toraja District , South Sulawesi. Therefore , the tourism industry is the government's main concern in recent years to increase its index because of its potential to boost the economic growth, especially for the local people and GDP. T his study focuse d on the empirical analysis of the tourism industry service level that is viewed from the readiness and the support from available infrastructure s . The method of this study was a survey distributed to respondents visiting the tourism industry using questionnaire based on SERVQUAL and IPA Diagram. By using Servqual and Important Performance Analysis (IPA) method, found 8 service attributes which were divided into 5 Servqual dimensions indicating that the service quality at Ke'te Kesu , North Toraja Regency , South Sulawesi needs to improve the aspects on Important Performance Analysis (IPA) diagram, including the service attribute T5 ( the availability of restaurant s around the tourist location), T6 ( the availability of street signs to tourist object s ), R2 ( the ease of finding tourist location s ), R3 ( the availability of public transportation to tourist location), RE4 ( the immediate response from the officer/local citizen on the request or complain ), RE5 ( tourist information centre, contact person) is clear ), A1 ( S taff s are expert in serving tourists ) , and E5 ( the concerns of tour operators and officers/residents to the needs of visitors). Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, IPA Diagram, Service Quality, Toraja, Tourism.