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Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used for centuries. Many bioactive substances are used directly as drugs and raw materials for semi-synthetic transformations. Plant cell, tissue, and organ culture technology in vitro is now being explored to extract bioactive metabolites from plants due to its independence from regional and environmental factors. It can consistently, economically, sustainably, and practically produce secondary metabolites. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl lactic acid first isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis L. It is a bioactive chemical found in plants, especially in the Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae family with remarkable activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer and reducing the signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, neuroprotective. RA is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. There are many methods for obtaining rosmarinic acid including in vitro plant cultures such as shoots, callus, cell suspensions, and hairy roots. This review presents RA's chemical, biological, and biosynthetic pathways and conditions to enhance RA uptake in vitro culture systems. The results of the studies showed that RA is found in many plant species cultured in vitro at significant concentrations.
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