Abstract
HIV patients are vulnerable to developing active visceral leishmaniasis (VL). To understand this complication, we studied a mathematical model for HIV and visceral leishmaniasis coinfection. In this approach, we reckoned two distinct equilibria: the disease-free and the endemic equilibria. The local and global stability of the disease-free equilibrium were thoroughly investigated. To further support the qualitative findings, we performed simulations to quantify the changes of the dynamical behavior of the full model for variation of relevant parameters. Increasing the rate of VL recovery (phi _{1}), the recovery rate for VL–HIV Co-infection (phi _{2}), removing reservoirs (c_{1}), minimizing the contact rate (beta _{h}) are important in controlling the transmission of individual and co-infection disease of VL and HIV. In conclusion, possible measures should be implemented to reduce the number of infected individuals. Therefore, we recommend that policy makers and stakeholders incorporate these measures during planing and implementation phases to control the transmission of VL–HIV co-infection.
Highlights
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) known as ‘Kala-azar’ is a vector borne, zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania donovani species [1, 2]
The forces of infection associated with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), visceral leishmaniasis (VL), sand flies and reservoir population are denoted by λh, λl, λs, and λr, respectively, and are given as follows: λh = βh (Ihh + ηhhIhhl) + ηA(Ah + ηhlAhl) Nh
5 Results and conclusions We developed a transmission dynamics model for VL–HIV co-infection, and the population is subdivided into ten compartments
Summary
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) known as ‘Kala-azar’ is a vector borne, zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania donovani species [1, 2]. Several scholars have developed different models for HIV, VL, and their co-infection with other diseases to study their transmission dynamics. Hussaini et al [27] recently presented a mathematical model to study the transmission dynamics of HIV and VL co-infection.
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