Abstract
Leaf iron (Fe) contents in Fe-deficiency-tolerant plants are not necessarily higher than that in Fe-deficiency-susceptible ones, suggesting an unknown mechanism involved in saving and allowing the efficient use of minimal Fe. To quantitatively evaluate the difference in Fe economy for photosynthesis, we compared the ratio of CO2 assimilation rate to Fe content in newly developed leaves as a novel index of photosynthetic iron-use efficiency (PIUE) among 23 different barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties. Notably, varieties originating from areas with alkaline soil increased PIUE in response to Fe-deficiency, suggesting that PIUE enhancement is a crucial and genetically inherent trait for acclimation to Fe-deficient environments. Multivariate analyses revealed that the ability to increase PIUE was correlated with photochemical quenching (qP), which is a coefficient of light energy used in photosynthesis. Nevertheless, the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, non-photochemical quenching, and quantum yield of carbon assimilation showed a relatively low correlation with PIUE. This result suggests that the ability of Fe-deficiency-tolerant varieties of barley to increase PIUE is related to optimizing the electron flow downstream of PSII, including cytochrome b6f and photosystem I.
Highlights
Photosynthesis is the most Fe-requiring process in plants [1]
We investigated the photosynthetic Fe-use efficiency (PIUE) to elucidate the difference in the Fe economy among barley varieties grown under the long-term Fe-deficient condition
We introduced a novel indicator, photosynthetic iron-use efficiency (PIUE), to differentiate Fe economy during photosynthesis under Fe-deficient conditions
Summary
Photosynthesis is the most Fe (iron)-requiring process in plants [1]. The initial reaction in photosynthesis is the photosynthetic electron transfer that converts light energy into chemical energy between photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) via cytochrome (cyt) b6f in thylakoid membranes. At a high pH in calcareous soil, the equilibrium concentration of total dissolved Fe is considerably less than the concentration required for optimal growth of plants in nutrient culture [6,7]. These alkaline soils are widely distributed globally, and it is crucial to understand the photosynthetic system with high Fe-use efficiency for the increase in plant biomass in such environments [5]
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