Abstract
ObjectiveMicrowaves are used in one method of physical therapy and can increase muscle tissue temperature which is useful for improving muscle, tendon and bone injuries. In the study, we sought to determine whether titanium alloy internal fixations influence apoptosis in tissues subjected to microwave treatments at 2,450 MHz and 40 W during the healing of fractures because this issue is not yet fully understood.MethodsIn this study, titanium alloy internal fixations were used to treat 3.0-mm transverse osteotomies in the middle of New Zealand rabbits’ femurs. After the operation, 30-day microwave treatments were applied to the 3.0 mm transverse osteotomies 3 days after the operation. The changes in the temperatures of the muscle tissues in front of the implants or the 3.0 mm transverse osteotomies were measured during the microwave treatments. To characterize the effects of titanium alloy internal fixations on apoptosis in the muscles after microwave treatment, we performed TUNEL assays, fluorescent real-time (quantitative) PCR, western blotting analyses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection and transmission electron microscopy examinations.ResultsThe temperatures were markedly increased in the animals with the titanium alloy implants. Apoptosis in the muscle cells of the implanted group was significantly more extensive than that in the non-implanted control group at different time points. Transmission electron microscopy examinations of the skeletal muscles of the implanted groups revealed muscular mitochondrial swelling, vacuolization. ROS, Bax and Hsp70 were up-regulated, and Bcl-2 was down-regulated in the implanted group.ConclusionOur results suggest that titanium alloy internal fixations caused greater muscular tissue cell apoptosis following 2,450 MHz, 40 W microwave treatments in this rabbit femur fracture models.
Highlights
Microwave therapy is a common physical therapy method and can increase body temperature over 40°C, reduce pain [1, 2] and edema, stimulate the self-repair capacities of the tissues, and alter the physical properties of fibrous tissues [3]
Our results suggest that titanium alloy internal fixations caused greater muscular tissue cell apoptosis following 2,450 MHz, 40 W microwave treatments in this rabbit femur fracture models
We measured the temperatures in the muscle tissues of two groups
Summary
Microwave therapy is a common physical therapy method and can increase body temperature over 40°C, reduce pain [1, 2] and edema, stimulate the self-repair capacities of the tissues, and alter the physical properties of fibrous tissues [3]. Previous in vitro studies have shown that tissue ambustion can be caused by the temperature of a metal plate at frequencies near 900 MHz and 27 MHz [7]. In vitro studies of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields showed that the metal implants caused little risk using 1800 MHz [8] and 2450 MHz [9,10] microwave radiation. Shortwave diathermy, a high frequency electrotherapy, was clinically applied by some doctors and therapist to the cure and rehabilitation in injuries bone with surgical implanted metal [11,12]. They found patients had no discomfort and pain. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-dose microwave on healing of fractures, we have found that 25 W microwave treatment resulted in significant improvements in the healing of fractures, and swelling myocytes were observed occasionally in the treatment field of the implanted group [13]
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