Enhanced fire retardancy and mechanical performance of wood via modification with a bio-based furfuryl alcohol–tannic acid–phosphoric acid system

The Membrane structure has a number of problems in the application of a fireproof code based on general buildings codes. Thus, the fireproof code of membrane structure is necessary to activate the construction of the membrane structure. Because it requires a systematic classification of fire retardant and flame proof performance of membrane material. Fire retardant and flame proof tests are conducted on membrane materials mostly used in current construction to propose the fire and flame retardant performance criteria of membrane materials. Fire and flame retardant tests results, PTFE membrane material with the glass fiber fabric have a limit-combustible performance. PVDF membrane material with the polyester fabric does not ensure the fire retardant performance, but this membrane material has the flame retardant performance of a thick fabric. Also, ETFE does not ensure the fire retardant performance, but this membrane material has the flame retardant of a thin fabric.

Synergistic fire retardancy of colemanite, a natural hydrated calcium borate, in high-impact polystyrene containing brominated epoxy and antimony oxide

Wood–plastics composites with better fire retardancy and durability performance

This study explores the flame retardancy and structural behavior of silicone foam composites filled with halogen-free flame retardants, aiming to evaluate their feasibility for use in mass transportation applications. Silicone foam specimens incorporating magnesium hydroxide and expandable graphite were prepared and compared with unfilled silicone foam under both static and dynamic loading conditions. Uniaxial compression and simple shear tests were conducted to assess mechanical behavior, and a second-order Ogden model was employed to represent hyperelasticity in the finite element analysis. Fire performance was evaluated using cone calorimeter tests in accordance with ISO 5660-1. The results showed a 53.6% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and a 48.1% decrease in MARHE upon the addition of flame retardants, satisfying relevant fire safety standards. Although the addition of fillers increased the compressive stiffness and reduced rebound resilience, static comfort indices remained within acceptable ranges. These findings confirm that halogen-free filled silicone foams exhibit significantly enhanced fire retardancy while maintaining sufficient mechanical integrity and seating comfort, demonstrating their potential as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional polyurethane foams in large-scale transportation applications.

Phosphorus-containing styrene–acrylic copolymers are synthesized by free radical seeded emulsion polymerization with the monomers of MMA/St/BA/MAA and phosphorus-containing vinyl monomer (SIPOMER PAM100). The properties of copolymer films are characterized by water adsorption test, thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), etc. The copolymer emulsions are used as the binder in an intumescent coatings formulation, and the fire-retardant performances of the coatings are determined by an instrument which the furnace temperature is analoging the cellulose fire temperature. The water adsorption of copolymer film increases remarkably owing to the increasing of phosphoric acid group in the polymer chain. The thermal decomposition stability and thermal-oxidative decomposition stability of the copolymer are improved when PAM100 is introduced into its chain, which is strongly supported by the FTIR and EDS results of copolymer residual treated at different temperature. The EDS results also illustrate that the fire retardancy enhanced by PAM100 during combustion owing to the condensed-phase mechanism. The fire-retardant test results show that the intumescent coatings using StA-P1.5 copolymer emulsion as the binder obtains the best fire retardant performance. We suggested that StA-P1.5 presents the lower reactivity with the acid source (APP) in 275–400 °C, and the higher reactivity with APP when the temperature is greater than 500 °C would be benefit for the swelling–charring process and the final fire retardant performance. The exorbitant crosslinking in StA-P7 brings a negative effect on the fire-retardant performance of intumescent coatings, even if it introduces a densy swollen char layer.

Transparent wood composites (TWs) offer the possibility of unique coloration effects. A colored transparent wood composite (C-TW) with enhanced fire retardancy was impregnated by metal ion solutions, followed by methyl methacrylate (MMA) impregnation and polymerization. Bleached birch wood with a preserved hierarchical structure acted as a host for metal ions. Cobalt, nickel, copper, and iron metal salts were used. The location and distribution of metal ions in C-TW as well as the mechanical performance, optical properties, and fire retardancy were investigated. The C-TW coloration is tunable by controlling the metal ion species and concentration. The metal ions reduced heat release rates and limited the production of smoke during forced combustion tests. The potential for scaled-up production was verified by fabricating samples with a dimension of 180 × 100 × 1 (l × b × h) mm3.

Polymer/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites: An overview of fire retardance

Influence of POSS structure on the fire retardant properties of epoxy hybrid networks

Synergy between the aluminum diethyl hypophosphite (ADP) and melamine cyanurate (MCA) in stereo-complex type polylactic acid simultaneously towards fire retardancy and heat resistant properties

Wood-based composites is widely used in building and interior decoration field. However, it is easy for wood to get burnt, and abundant toxic smoke generating during the burning process has caused great casualties and property loss. In this study, poplar wood was chosen as test materials, and three fire-retardant were selected, i.e. the inorganic X type fire-retardant and the organic fire-retardant named F type, and the Z type fire-retardant which is an ordinary organic and inorganic combination fire-retardant and contains element Cl and N. Then after different treated process, three types of gluing composite lumbers were prepared. Thereafter, DSC, TG etc were adopted, and the fire-retardant, smoke-suppressant and mechanical performance of lumber were compared and evaluated. The results indicated that : (1) In a certain range of fire-retardant concentration, with the increase of concentration, all of these three fire-retardant had a much better fire-retardant and smoke- suppressant performance while the bonding strength of composite didn't show much variation and met the requirement of GB. (2) For the F type fire-retardant, when the concentration and process technique were the same, the fire-retarded performance of Y type was better than the other two types, and it also had a good smoke-suppressant performance. (3) X type fire-retardant had an excellent fire-retardant and smoke-suppressant performance when its concentration was relatively large. (4) For Z type fire-retardant, it had a good fire-retarding performance with a relatively small smoke amount, but some toxic gas such as HCl and NH 3 was generated.

Highly tough and flame retardant polystyrene composites by elastomeric nanofibers and hexagonal boron nitride

An efficient synergistic system for simultaneously enhancing the fire retardancy, moisture resistance and electrical insulation performance of unsaturated polyester resins

Monterey pine is a renewable biomass resources with structural and chemical characteristics, but is limited by its flammability, poor mechanical properties, and subpar thermal conductivity (TC). Herein, a thermal conductive and flame retardant the multifunction epoxy resin (MEP) prepolymer was injected into the Monterey pine and subsequently cured. The results showed that impregnated MEP Monterey pine, maintained its original cellular structure under applied loads compared to pristine Monterey pine, thus, giving the composite wood better mechanical integrity than its neat counterpart, which served as thermally conductive pathways within the composites. The TC was measured to be 0.12 Wm−1 K−1 for pristine Monterey pine. Whereas, the infiltrated MEP/wood composite yielded a TC of 0.94 Wm−1 K−1 which correlates to a 683.3% enhancement. Besides, the tensile strength of the prepared composites in the longitudinal and radial directions were observed to be 75.0 and 21.7 MPa, and increased by 63.4% and 152.3% compared to that of pristine Monterey pine, respectively. Combustion tests revealed that the Monterey pine/MEP composites self‐extinguished after ignition and departing from the flame source while the pristine Monterey pine did not. It was deduced that the TC, fire retardancy, and mechanical performance of Monterey pine were simultaneously improved by injecting the multifunctional epoxy resin prepolymer, which provide a wide application potential in heat dissipation furniture field.Highlights The multifunction epoxy enhanced the multiple performance of Monterey pine. The wood composite yielded a high thermal conductivity. Monterey pine/MEP composites managed to self‐extinguish after ignition.

A facile technique to investigate the char strength and fire retardant performance towards intumescent epoxy nanocomposites containing different synergists

In the last years the traditional construction materials, such as wood, glass and steel, have been increasingly replaced by polymer composite materials due to their superior properties. However, this feature has also raised buildings' combustibility fire hazards. Polymer modification with inorganic nanoparticles can be a potential and efficient solution to control matrix flammability without sacrificing other important properties. In this study a new type of unsaturated polyester based composite materials with enhanced fire retardancy are developed, through polymer modification with nano/micro oxide particles and common flame retardants systems. For this purpose, the design of experiments based on Taguchi methodology and analyses of variance were applied. Samples with different material contents and processing parameters resultant from the L9 Taguchi orthogonal array were produced, and their fire properties assessed and quantified by single-flame source and vertical flammability tests. It was found that material and processing parameters have different effects on different properties. Unsaturated polyester composites modified with nano and micro oxide particles showed better fire performance compared to the neat composite improving at least one fire property whatever the nature of the filler. More thorough studies are required in order to improve mix design formulations towards further fire retardancy enhancement.