Abstract
Electrochromic materials have attracted much attention due to their promising applications in smart windows and thermal control. However, NiO is a weak point for a complementary ECD and needs to be improved due to its low optical modulation and charge density. In this work, the W-doped NiO films are designed and prepared by RF magnetron co-sputtering to improve the performance of the NiO. The results shows that the optical modulation of the W-NiO (52.7%) is significantly improved compared with pure NiO (33.8%), which can be assigned to the increase in lattice boundaries due to the W doping. The response time of W-NiO is 8.8 s for coloring and 7.2 s for bleaching, which is similar to that of NiO film. The all-solid-state electrochromic devices (ECDs) that employed W-NiO as a complementary layer are prepared and exhibit a high-transmittance modulation of 48.5% in wavelengths of 450–850 nm and an emittance modulation of 0.28 in 2.5–25 μm, showing great application potential in the field of smart windows and spacecraft thermal control devices. The strategy of preparing NiO doped by W indicates an innovative direction to obtain ECDs with high performance.
Highlights
Electrochromism is a phenomenon that the optical properties of materials change reversibly by applying an external voltage, which involves the double injection/extraction of electrons and ions (i.e., H+, Li+) [1,2]
The surface of the NiO and W-NiO films is similar and relatively smooth; it is composed of small particles, which is beneficial to the stability
NiO and W-doped NiO films are prepared by magnetron sputtering and the surface morphology, crystalline structure, chemical composition, electrochemical properties, and EC performances of the films are investigated
Summary
Electrochromism is a phenomenon that the optical properties of materials change reversibly by applying an external voltage, which involves the double injection/extraction of electrons and ions (i.e., H+, Li+) [1,2]. Electrochromic materials have been a hot pot for their applications in smart windows [3,4], camouflage [5,6], rear-view mirror [7,8], and thermal control devices [9]. The inorganic electrochromic (EC) materials are extensively studied due to their high thermal stability, easy preparation, as well as low cost [10]. NiO, one of the anodic EC materials, switching colors between colorless and gray, is usually used as a complementary layer to match with WO3 to assemble an electrochromic device (ECD) [11]. All-solid-state ECDs have attracted most attention because of the excellent weather ability and stability [12]
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