Enhanced electrochemical detection of chikungunya virus through aptasensor modification with origami paper-based ternary nanocomposite

Abstract

Electrochemical sensors have drawn significant attention due to their crucial significance in the early detection of infectious illnesses, signifying their critical importance in diagnostic applications. This study’s proposed novel aptasensor exhibits a distinctive origami-based ePAD design, utilizing a unique silver-gold and zinc oxide (Ag-Au-ZnO) ternary nanocomposite for enhanced charge-transfer properties. Composite nanomaterials have a lower toxicity level, a higher signal enhancement capacity, increased sensitivity, improved conductivity, superior solubility, enhanced resolution capabilities, and a more straightforward functionalization process than individual nanomaterials. Employing paper, an economically advantageous substrate amenable to large-scale production with an origami-based ePAD is a critical enhancement of the sensor’s commendable attributes. Categorized as precision tools with an eco-conscious design, these sensors stand out for their streamlined manufacturing of environmentally sensitive substrates. This research capitalizes on the inherent foldability of paper to construct a three-dimensional multi-angular aptasensor, demonstrating cutting-edge specificity for chikungunya virus (CHIKV) detection. X- ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterized the nanocomposites. This study also includes aptamers as outstanding and sensitive instruments for quick diagnostic applications. With the use of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), the analytical response of the aptasensor was carefully evaluated. The study demonstrates a broad linear detection range spanning from 1 ng/ml to 10 µg/ml, with an impressively low limit of detection (LOD) at 1 ng/ml for the CHIKV antigen (CHIKV-Ag), underscoring the novelty and heightened sensitivity of this aptasensor design. Moreover, the aptasensor successfully detects CHIKV antigens in serum samples, and a long stability test demonstrates its practical utility and long-term stability for clinical applications. The proposed study concludes by introducing a novel origami-based paper-based analytical device (ePAD) as a promising tool for the quick, precise, and selective identification of the CHIKV antigen as well as its affordability, easy fabrication, and suitability of POCT testing makes an excellent diagnosing technique in resource-limited settings.