Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the protective effect of propolis against the hepatotoxicity and brain damage of chlorpyrifos (CPF) in male rats. Animals were assigned to one of four groups. The first group was used as control. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were treated with 6.8 mg CPF /kg BW (1/20 LD50); 50 mg propolis/kg BW; CPF (6.8 mg CPF/kg BW) plus propolis (50 mg propolis/kg BW). Rats were orally administered their respective doses daily for 28 days. Serum transaminases, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, total proteins, albumin, reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, superoxide dismutase and catalase were assessed. Also, total lipid, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-c were assayed. Oral treatment with CPF was found to elicit significant deterioration in all the tested parameters confirming its toxicity. The injury of liver tissues after CPF-treatment was confirmed by the histological changes. Also, CPF caused significant decrease in the activity of serum and brain cholinesterase but increased glial fibrillary acidic protein-expression and cause some histological changes in the brain tissues. While, oral treatment with propolis plus CPF could antagonize CPF-toxicity. These results suggest that propolis may become a promising tool for wide use in reducing the liver and brain damage during CPF-exposure. Key words: Chlorpyrifos, propolis, rats, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, biochemical parameters.
Highlights
Chlorpyrifos [O, O-diethyl-O-(3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] is an organophosphate (OPIs) pesticide used to control household, public health and stored product insects
The results shows that the treatment of rats with CPF induced significant (p < 0.05) increases in the serum total lipids from 460.39 ± 0.80 to 561.24 ±3.44, total cholesterol from 109.98 ± 0.57 to 126.85 ±1.57, triglycerides from 81.46 ± 0.97 to 92.10 ± 0.95 and low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) from 97.10 ± 2.28 to 125.43 ±1.25 while High density lipoprotein (HDL)-c was significantly decreased compared to the control group from 31.42 ± 0.41 to 20.92 ± 0.44
Results of this study shows that CPF-treatment caused significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the activity of serum and brain acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) compared to the control group (Table 4)
Summary
Chlorpyrifos [O, O-diethyl-O-(3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] is an organophosphate (OPIs) pesticide used to control household, public health and stored product insects It is effective against mushroom flies, aphids, spider mites, caterpillars, thrips and white flies in greenhouse, outdoor fruit and vegetable crops (Ambali, 2009). Pesticide chemicals can induce oxidative stress by generating free radicals and altering antioxidant levels of the free radical scavenging enzyme activity (Sharma et al, 2005). Exposure to CPF can differentially modify endogenous antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and reduced glutathione (GSH), which can lead to the development of oxidative stress in some tissues (Bebe and Panemangalore, 2003). It has been reported that CPF-intoxication causes a significant decrease in the reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activities of some antioxidant enzymes (Goel et al, 2005)
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