Abstract
Chitosan and benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) are active-elicitors that induce protection in grapevine against several diseases. In this study, treatment of grapevine with chitosan and BTH provided protection to anthracnose, caused by Sphaceloma ampelinum. Chitosan and BTH treatment also increased chitinase, ß-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase activities levels in leaves over non-treated plants. Differential accumulation of these traits was more rapid and pronounced when chitosan and BTH treated plants were infected with S. ampelinum; this pattern indicating priming. The induced resistance by chitosan and BTH was also associated with increased production of salicylic acid (SA) in grapevine leaves, suggesting that SA-dependent signaling pathways are systemically triggered by these compounds. Apart from proteins with defense-related function, most of the proteins induced by chitosan and BTH were involved in defense mechanism, reflecting the strong direct positive effect that chitosan and BTH has on grapevine tolerance to anthracnose disease infection. Key words: Anthracnose, grapevine, induce resistance, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) biochemical markers, Sphaceloma ampelinum.
Highlights
Grape anthracnose caused by Spaceloma ampelinum is widely known in Thailand as scab (Pienpuck et al, 1993; Sompong et al, 2012)
The results indicate that treatment with chitosan and BTH reduced the severity of anthracnose in leave by more 75 and 60%, respectively when compared to the sterile distilled water as negative control (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2)
We show that the application of chitosan and BTH through foliar spray can induce resistance in grapevine against anthracnose caused by S. ampelinum
Summary
Grape anthracnose caused by Spaceloma ampelinum (telemorph: Elisino ampelina) is widely known in Thailand as scab (Pienpuck et al, 1993; Sompong et al, 2012). It is considered one of the most serious diseases of grapes in Thailand because of the favorable warm and wet climate. The sprayed chemicals are mostly washed off soon after the application and spray timing is difficult to be ascertained because of unexpected rainfall Apart from such limitations, the target fungus can build up resistance to chemicals regularly used and the chemicals always leave their residues in the berries and environment making the application less desirable. Retractable plastic roofing over the vines has been proved effective in reducing the disease severity and making chemical control more efficient (Wongkaew and Boonkerd, 2010), but it is considerably costly and may be cost-effective only on the high-price table grapes
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