Abstract
This paper describes the anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of Eugenia dysenterica DC. (O. Berg. (Myrtaceae) essential oils from leaves (EOED). EOED were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and the products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The main constituents of EOED were caryophyllene oxide (66.3%), isoledene (3.9%), 1,3,8-p-menthatriene (3.5%), mustakone (3.46%), β-phellandrene (1.7%), and selin-11-en-4-α-ol (1.7%). The antioxidant assay was performed based on the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide production. By performing the Ellman assay, it was observed that EOED was able to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 = 0.92 ïg.ml-1 promising better value when compared with the drug rivastigmine (IC50 = 1.87 ïg.ml-1), used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The caryophyllene oxide (the main compound) was tested after purification on the AChE with an IC50 = 0.31 ïg.ml-1. Caryophyllene oxide (the majority compound) was tested on the AChE and presented the IC50 = 0.31 ïg.ml-1. At concentrations of 0.9, 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, and 7.2 ïg.ml-1, it was found out that EOED prevented lipid peroxidation inhibiting amount of TBARS formed in a similar manner to ascorbic acid. In addition, there was a reduction in the production of hydroxyl radical as well as the production of nitric oxide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on compounds from this species that have activity for potentially preventing neurodegenerative disorders. Key words: Eugenia dysenterica, essential oil, antioxidant, anticholinesterase. 
Highlights
A variety of essential oil of plants has shown acetylcholineterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and may be relevant to the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer‘s disease (AD)
No new drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 2003, likely because the abnormal brain deposits of Aβ and τ-proteins still cannot be considered causes or by-products of the disease (Buckholtz,. 2011)
This paper describes the anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of E. dysenterica DC. essential oil from leaves (EOED)
Summary
A variety of essential oil of plants has shown acetylcholineterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and may be relevant to the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer‘s disease (AD). The essential oils of Cistus species have functional properties in prevention of neurodegenerative disorders (Loizzo et al, 2013). Centella asiatica essential oil and various other essential oils from plant species, for example Cistus salvifolius and Ocimum canum have shown pharmacological activities relevant to the treatment of cognitive disorders, indicating potential for therapeutic use in disorders, such as AD (Houghton and Howes, 2003). Since the approval of galantamine for the treatment of AD patients, the search for new anticholinesterase alkaloids has escalated, leading to promising candidates, such as huperzine A (Konrath et al, 2013)
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