Abstract
This study aims to develop certain perspectives based on the principle of on-site remediation of the soil through biological means known as "bioremediation" against soil pollution issues resulting from fuel contamination in our country and to reveal the fatty acid profile in the final soils. The fatty acid profile of the soils was pointed out by testing the activity of three basic bioremediation applications (biological multiplication, biological excitation and the combined application of these two approaches) established in the laboratory condition. Under biological multiplication applications, six of the selected bacterial strains (Pseudomons aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida biotype A, Citrobacter amalonaticus-GC subgroup A, Acinetobacter genomospecies) exhibit the highest growth in crude oil environment isolated from oil-contaminated soils of Adana, Batman and Adıyaman, and they also have the highest levels of crude oil degradation. Under biological excitation applications, the organic materials being humic-fulvic acid and, in combined applications, different combinations of bacteria mixture and organic materials were examined as to the amount of crude oil they degrade in an incubation period of 120 days by qualitative hydrocarbon-type analyses. The highest level of oil degradation, being 56%, occurred under biological multiplication applications where the bacteria mixture was applied. Under biological excitation conditions where various organic materials were applied to the contaminated soil, degradation to 18% was observed. In combined applications, oil degradation was achieved to 30%. The most common fatty acids were found to be 15:0 iso, 15:0 anteiso, 16:0, 16:1 w7c, 17:0ai, 18:2w6,9 and 18:1w9c fatty acids detected in both unpolluted and oil-contaminated soils. Determination of high level 18:1w9c fatty acid in oil contaminated and clean soils may indicate the presence of Pseudomonas spp. However, fatty acid 15:0 anteiso was determined to be higher in oil-contaminated soils than in unpolluted soils. It may be explained that Gram positive bacteria were predominant in oil-contaminated environment. Key words: Soil, crude oil, bacteria, bioremediation, phospholipid fatty acids analysis-fatty acid methyl ester (PLFA-FAME).
Highlights
It is well known that in soil, number and types of existing microorganisms are affected by biological and physicochemical events including soil properties such as suitable conditions for microbial decomposition, microbial decomposition of hydrocarbons, quantity and quality of contaminants and its biological usefulness and particle distribution (Atlas, 1981; Atlas and Bartha, 1992; Steffan et al, 1997; Morgan and Watkinson, 1989; Margesin and Schinner, 1997a)
This study aims to develop certain perspectives based on the principle of on-site remediation of the soil through biological means known as "bioremediation" against soil pollution issues resulting from fuel contamination in our country and to reveal the fatty acid profile in the final soils
The most important measure that is taken as basis in revealing bioremediation potential of applications used is soil Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) analysis results based on total hydrocarbons in soil
Summary
It is well known that in soil, number and types of existing microorganisms are affected by biological and physicochemical events including soil properties such as suitable conditions for microbial decomposition (oxygen, food substance, temperature and pH), microbial decomposition of hydrocarbons, quantity and quality of contaminants and its biological usefulness and particle distribution (Atlas, 1981; Atlas and Bartha, 1992; Steffan et al, 1997; Morgan and Watkinson, 1989; Margesin and Schinner, 1997a). Kapley et al (1999) demonstrated that fungi can decompose hydrocarbons, Emericella nidulans, Graphiwn putredinis, Eupenicillum javanicum and Aspergillus flavipes are active in the assimilation of aromatic hydrocarbons They showed that some soil-originated bacteria such as Pseudomonas spp. have the capability to decompose some fractions of crude oil. Obire and Okudo (1997), Bailey et al (2002) showed existence of different microbial populations in petroleum-contaminated environment compared with the ones in cleaner environment. These changes in microbial community are the result of food cycle and movement in soil and can be determined by the method of total extractable phospholipid fatty acid
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