English

Antarctica is the continent around the south pole. Antarctica plays an important role in the conservation of the climatic balance of the Earth. The Antarctic system – land, ocean, atmosphere is the natural refrigerant of the Earth’s temperature system. Antarctica is the unique laboratory for studying global processes. It provides information about greenhouse gas concentration and atmospheric temperatures of hundreds and thousands of years ago. The human activity in Antarctica is currently limited for scientific research, fishing, tourism and sea and air traffic. The development of all human activity in the Antarctica increases local pollution, causes the degradation of habitats, and disruptions for the animal populations. The protection of the Antarctic environment is necessary. The effective protection of environment requires some legal framework. The international legal system of Antarctica is based on the Antarctic treaty of 1959. However, this Treaty does not include explicit provisions concerning the Antarctica’s environment. But the Antarctic treaty creates the base for another development through the Antarctic consultative meetings. These meetings have accepted more than one hundred recommendations concerning the protection of Antarctica’s environment. Very important recommendation is the Agreed measures for the conservation of Antarctic fauna and flora of 1964. The Antarctic legal regime currently includes besides the Antarctic treaty and recommendations based on it several other treaties. There is Antarctic treaty system according to article 1 e of the protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctic treaty of 1991. This system means, the Antarctic treaty, the measures in effect under that treaty and its associated separate international instruments in force and the measures in effect under those instruments. These instruments are four international treaties concerning Antarctica. These treaties are The Convention for the conservation of Antarctica seals of 1972, the Convention for the conservations of Antarctic marine living resources of 1980, the Convention for the regulation of Antarctic mineral resource activities of 1988 and the Protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctic treaty of 1991. The most important treaty is the latter one. The Protocol of 1991 represents the comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems and hereby designate Antarctica as a natural reserve. The integral part of the Protocol form Annexes I–IV and another Annex V was accepted by the Consultative meeting later. These annexes provide detailed provisions concerning the protection of environment. These annexes amends and develop the Protocol. From the point of view of the protection of environment, article 7 is very important. According to this article any activity relating to mineral resources, other than scientific research, shall be prohibited. This provision excludes the entry into force of the 1988’s Convention on mineral resources. The Protocol’s state parties prefer the protection of environment over the use of mineral resources. The Protocol of 1991 creates the comprehensive protection of Antarctica’s environment. But the number of questions relating to the environment, have been regulated in separate recommendations accepted by the consultative meetings. These recommendations have not been cancelled by the Protocol. Some questions such as tourism and other non-governmental activities are explicitly regulated by recommendations of the Consultative meetings. The Protocol itself provides provision on the adoption of measures under article IX of the Antarctic treaty for the implementation of this Protocol. There are other international treaties concerning the environment of Antarctica besides the Antarctic treaty system. These treaties concern the sea, e.g. the UN Convention on the law of the sea of 1982, is also relevant to Antarctica. Another treaty is the Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal of 1989. According to this Treaty the parties agree not to allow the export of hazardous wastes or other wastes for disposal within the area south of 60 degree of the south latitude i.e. in the area of the Antarctic treaty. The legal protection of Antarctica has the living importance for the whole mankind. Apart from the long distance from the other continents Antarctica has influence on the global environment.

iv Chapter 1: Overview of Canadian Environmental Governance Chapter Plan 06 Chapter 2: Description of the Methodology, Research Problems, and Research Questions Key Concepts in Governance 10 Neoliberal Governance 11 Economic Globalization 13 Key Concepts in Environmental Governance 16 Risk Management, Sustainability and Precaution as Environmental Governance Solutions 16 Philosophical Anthropocentrism 18 Key Concepts in Political Economy 21 The Political Economic Perspective 22 Canada, the Staples Theory and Resource Development 23 Canada’s Political Economic Context 25 Research Questions and Hypotheses 26 Outline of the Methodology and Data Analysis Approach 30 Data Analysis Approach 31 Strengths of Content Analysis 34 Addressing the Weaknesses of Content Analysis 35 Data Source: The Environmental Enforcement Act (EEA) 36 Summary of Chapter 2: Content Analysis and Critical Evaluation of the Environmental 37 Enforcement Act Chapter 3: Content Analysis of Key Concepts and Rationalities Present in the EEA Rationalities in Governance Identified in the Content of the EEA 39 Rationalities in Environmental Governance Identified in the Content of the EEA 45 Key Concepts in Political Economy Identified in the Content of the EEA 57 Key Concepts and Rationalities in the Content of the EEA 61 Chapter 4: Critical Evaluation of the Environmental Enforcement Act Neoliberalism 64 Economic Globalization 69 Rational Choice Methods of Deterrence 75

Along the debate about necessary actions for environmental and climate protection, there is an ongoing discussion whether this transition towards environmental sustainability is linked to negative or positive labor market outcomes. So far, however, most studies on the relationship between environmental sustainability and the labor market have used either aggregated statistical data or only survey data. For in-depth analyses, there is a lack of appropriate microdata. This doctoral thesis presents different approaches to fill this gap by introducing new methods to identify green jobs or the greenness of jobs in administrative microdata. Based on innovative data sources, I contribute new insights on the associations between environmental protection and direct labor market outcomes. Besides a comprehensive literature review and the conceptual framework, the thesis presents four empirical studies, examining sector-specific wage differentials in renewable energy value chains, the role of innovation and agglomeration for employment growth in the environmental sector, the measurement of the greenness and greening of jobs, and the labor market outcomes linked to the greenness and greening of jobs. The studies are based on German administrative employment data at micro-level, survey data of the IAB Establishment panel and text-mining results. The empirical strategies applied prove their usefulness to identify and analyze the associations between environmental sustainability and the labor market.

In the last three decades, protecting the earth's environment has become a major challenge in international relations. Hundreds of regional and bilateral agreements, as well as at least ten global environmental agreements, were negotiated. Environmentalism can be seen as a social movement that seeks to influence jobs and education to conserve natural resources and ecosystems. Concerns for environmental protection have emerged in various forms in various parts of the world throughout history. The environmental movement is a diverse scientific, social and political movement. The movement is committed to ecology, health and human rights while accepting people as workers in the ecosystem. Today, it is generally accepted that environmental protection is a part of national policies and plans. The accepted standard to achieve this reduction target is "sustainable development". In fact, all existing laws and policies on environmental protection and human development, at the national or international level, aim at achieving "sustainable development". Despite the great environmental protection that humans have used in the past three decades, global warming has not reduced the occurrence of anomalous atmospheric phenomena due to scientific knowledge and available technology. Although many environmental policies and action plans have been negotiated over the past three decades, significant gaps remain in international environmental policy law. The framework has not yet become a method or method. Rather, each is a collection of commitments related to a democratic international or regional environmental issue. Nature has become negative by affecting the climate on the one hand and the health and safety of all living and non-living beings on the other. The ecosystem resonates with abnormal noise, vibration, dust and smoke from human activities. These events remind people that the environment must be protected with all enthusiasm and energy no matter what. Given the progress we have made in destroying the earth's environment, future global environmental efforts will focus more on environmental restoration than conservation. Human rights will also provide important opportunities for better protection of the environment.

Governing for “no net loss” of biodiversity over the long term: challenges and pathways forward

Overview of ICRP Committee 5.

In the 21st century, the growing recognition of the fragility of our planets ecosystems and the urgency of addressing environmental challenges have spurred an increased emphasis on environmental awareness and protection. The intricate interplay between human activities and the natural environment has underscored the need for innovative approaches to safeguarding our planet for current and future generations. In this context, the fusion of information technology with environmental protection has emerged as a dynamic force for positive change, reshaping the way we understand and address ecological issues. This article delves deeper into the multifaceted applications of information technology in the realm of environmental protection, exploring their significance, benefits, and potential for shaping a sustainable future. At the same time, 3S technology, Internet of Things technology and network technology play a very important role in pollutant discharge monitoring, data sharing and timely response, which is very suitable for environmental protection.

To meet the challenges of poverty and environmental sustainability, a different kind of research will be needed. This research will need to embrace the complexity of these systems by redirecting the objectives of research toward enhancing adaptive capacity, by incorporating more participatory approaches, by embracing key principles such as multi-scale analysis and intervention, and by the use of a variety of tools (e.g., systems analysis, information management tools, and impact assessment tools). Integration will be the key concept in the new approach; integration across scales, components, stakeholders, and disciplines. It is argued that integrated approaches will require changes in the culture and organization of research.

Sayer, J. A. and B. Campbell 2002. Research to Integrate Productivity Enhancement, Environmental Protection, and Human Development. Conservation Ecology 5(2):32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00300-050232

In this commentary, we challenge the narrative that presents self-managed medication abortion (SMA) as a recent "discovery" of Western biomedicine. Drawing on our lived experience and a literature review, we compare how different key concepts – autonomy, empowerment, person-centred care, privacy, confidentiality, and demedicalisation – are understood by the feminist SMA movement in Latin America, versus hegemonic medicine. We argue that when the radical ideas of the feminist SMA movement are appropriated by mainstream health systems without proper recognition of their political foundations, they lose their original meaning and may fail to achieve the positive outcomes envisioned by activists. For instance, autonomy, privacy, and demedicalisation may result in individuals feeling unsupported, while person-centred care often means merely being treated without stigma or violence. Maintaining medical control over SMA restricts access, while neoliberal policies that promote “self-care” and the commodification of abortion pills enable states to evade responsibility with regard to abortion care. We advocate for integrating key concepts taken from SMA activism into formal health systems, while honouring their origins and political significance. This requires meaningful, horizontal collaborations between SMA activists and biomedical professionals, acknowledging that SMA activists are abortion experts and should be treated as such.

Environmental health protection and sustainability is an escalating global agenda in recent years given its vitality to the sustainability of both human life and development. This study investigated the impact of trade and industrialization on environmental sustainability in Tanzania paying attention to the quality of institutions. The study deployed a quantitative time series data from 2002–2021 obtained from World Bank development indicators dataset and the Global Footprint Network (2021). Auto-regression distributed lag (ARDL) was used to estimate the impact of trade and industrialization on environmental sustainability in Tanzania while controlling for institutional quality; graphs were used to show trends of how the human activities affect the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) over time and its implications. The results indicate that, without interacting effects of institution quality (rule of law) both trade and industrialization in a short run and long run have a negative impact on environmental sustainability. However, with interaction effect of institutional quality (rule of law), both trade and industrialization promote environmental sustainability in Tanzania. Therefore, we suggest that, institutional quality is vital in shaping trade and industrialization in promoting environmental sustainability in the country especially when there is strong leadership system that implement the rule of law and good governance practices in all aspects. Besides, integrating environmental considerations into trade and industrial policies can foster sustainable economic growth while mitigating adverse environmental impacts. This approach will not only support Tanzania's commitment to sustainable development but also enhance its competitiveness in global markets by positioning it as a leader in environmentally responsible trade practices.

With the incremental growth in overall world population, environmental related aftermaths of industrial development are becoming challenges for sustainability. In social perspective, poverty eradication is still the biggest global need which is an indispensable prerequisite for sustainable development (SD). As a solution, business organizations in various industries need to do the efforts with zero‐sum competition for a trailblazing initiative of SD in context of social and environmental protection. Based on triple bottom line theory, this paper introduces the terminologies of social and environmental collective protection (SECP) and social and environmental collective development (SECD) by answering the research question as how the nonprofit orientation can be promoted and sustained within the for‐profit businesses. Using textual analytical approach, this research achieves the main objective to highlight the impact of mutual corporate initiatives as a business strategy on social and environmental sustainability. This article finds that social and environmental development depends upon social and environmental protection when it is measured in terms of collective SD goals. In addition to initiating the new terminologies contributing to the literature of SD measures for society and environment, this paper has practical implications for United Nations (UN) for their 2030 vision of social development for SD. Utilization of this paper is not limited till 2030 because it is expected that a broad range of researchers will use our described concepts for scholarly discussions and future empirical studies.

If Rome Is Burning, Why Are We Fiddling?

Environmental sustainability has emerged as one of the defining challenges of the twenty-first century, requiring an urgent balance between economic growth, ecological integrity, and social well-being. This paper critically examines the interconnected dimensions of sustainability development, environmental protection, and ecological restoration, highlighting the structural and operational challenges that hinder the realization of a truly green environment. Sustainable development pathways demand low-carbon transitions, resource efficiency, and circular economy practices, yet their implementation is often constrained by financial, technological, and governance limitations. Environmental protection measures such as regulatory frameworks, conservation programs, and biodiversity safeguarding initiatives show progress but remain insufficient to halt global ecological decline. Restoration, while offering the potential to recover degraded ecosystems and deliver climate and livelihood co-benefits, continues to face challenges related to permanence, monitoring, and integration into long-term planning. The paper identifies cross-cutting obstacles, including financing gaps, weak policy durability, inadequate measurement and verification systems, and limited stakeholder participation, all of which reduce the effectiveness of sustainability strategies. It concludes by proposing a forward-looking agenda that emphasizes integrated development planning, robust governance, inclusive participation, and innovative financing mechanisms to accelerate progress toward environmental sustainability and the realization of a green future.

Corporate Social Responsibility shows the philanthropic visions and responsibility of social welfare shared between government and the corporate organizations. Globally being first of its kind CSR Act, 2013 [Sec. 135] made it mandatory for business and corporates in India to spend 2% of its average net profits of the prior three financial years on social activities. CSR aims to go beyond the bounds of the law to encourage philanthropy, social reporting, and ethical practice. As a result of mandated CSR, it is expected that corporates will address environmental concerns, which may ensure environmental sustainability. Circular Economy is inextricably linked to environmental sustainability and sustainable development of the society. The current study makes an analysis of the CSR spending towards Environmental Protection in India post Paris Climate Agreement (2015). The purpose of this paper is to analyse the CSR funds spent by companies in sectors of Environmental Sustainability contributing to evolution of ethical corporate philanthropic behavior in the nation. Further, paper focuses on CSR spending of top five companies since 2015 and their region specific spending culture of funds towards Environmental Sustainability and how they have varied across the regions to influence the effectiveness of the practice of CSR. This paper is based on secondary sources which use descriptive research method to analyse the expenditure patterns of CSR. The study builds on existing literature and National CSR Data Portal reports as well as the annual reports from companies available on their website. Findings are analysed in the context of outcomes derived from these funds. This paper highlights a significant variation in CSR spending towards environmental sustainability by companies and also concentration of programs within specific regions which disproportionately led to uneven environment concerns among business houses. The study has implications for public policy and corporate managements. The current study has identified that efforts need to be made to increase and utilise CSR expenditure in environment sensitive states and UTs. The study recommends that there is need for companies to prioritize environmental sustainability in their CSR initiatives to strike a balance between corporate goals and environmental protection. Study further recommends establishment of a CSR Utilisation Board at both national and state level to ensure coordinated and effective utilisation. It is discovered that raising public awareness and partnerships among all stakeholders is necessary to increase the efficacy of CSR initiatives. Finally, in conclusion it is advised that, the government should guide spending of CSR funds to specific environmental sustainability programs and regions on equitable and balanced approach to achieve sustainable development