Abstract
The way humans and artificially intelligent machines interact is undergoing a dramatic change. This change becomes particularly apparent in domains where humans and machines collaboratively work on joint tasks or objects in teams, such as in industrial assembly or disassembly processes. While there is intensive research work on human–machine collaboration in different research disciplines, systematic and interdisciplinary approaches towards engineering systems that consist of or comprise human–machine teams are still rare. In this paper, we review and analyze the state of the art, and derive and discuss core requirements and concepts by means of an illustrating scenario. In terms of methods, we focus on how reciprocal trust between humans and intelligent machines is defined, built, measured, and maintained from a systems engineering and planning perspective in literature. Based on our analysis, we propose and outline three important areas of future research on engineering and operating human–machine teams for trusted collaboration. For each area, we describe exemplary research opportunities.
Highlights
With the rapid growth of autonomous systems, ubiquitous sensing and Artificial Intelligence technologies, over the years to come we shall be witnessing a dramatic change in how and to what ends humans and machines interact and work together
The first goal of this paper is to review and define fundamental concepts and approaches related to trusted collaborative human–machine teamwork
In the remainder of this section, we look into related work on this research area, elaborating on the crucial notion of trust Section 3.2 as well as on issues of engineering systems consisting of or containing human–machine teams Section 3.3
Summary
With the rapid growth of autonomous systems, ubiquitous sensing and Artificial Intelligence technologies, over the years to come we shall be witnessing a dramatic change in how and to what ends humans and machines interact and work together. In many fields, such as industry, traffic and healthcare, where the environment is very complex and dynamic, these interactions are expected to yield huge benefits in improving productivity and reducing strain of humans. The term “team” can be best defined by distinguishing it from the term “group” Both describe ensembles of two or more individuals working together in consent to achieve a certain goal [1]. While roles and structures in groups may develop along negotiations among members [6], in teams, usually “group structure, problem difficulty, leadership roles and similar variables cannot be varied beyond very narrow limits” ([1] p. 34)
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