Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the systemic effects associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Risk factors for bone loss include smoking, skeletal muscle weakness, low bone mass index (BMI), vitamin D deficiency, glucocorticoid use, hypogonadism and systemic inflammation. The most important clinical feature is vertebral fracture, due to its significant morbidity and mortality. The treatment of osteoporosis includes calcium and vitamin D, bisphosphonates, anabolic agents and pulmonary rehabilitation. Prospective studies are required to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD and to identify which patients are at high risk for osteoporotic fracture. The development of new drugs to control systemic inflammation may contribute to specific treatments for osteoporosis in COPD.
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