Chapter 3 - Energy

This paper studies the effect on the rate of growth of carbon dioxide emission in seaports’ atmosphere of replacing a part of the fossil fuel electrical power generation by clean renewable electrical energies, through two different scheduling strategies. The increased rate of harmful greenhouse gas emissions due to conventional electrical power generation severely affects the whole global atmosphere. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emissions are responsible for a significant share of global warming. Developing countries participate in this environmental distortion to a great percentage. Two different suggested strategies for renewable electrical energy scheduling are discussed in this paper, to attain a sustainable green port by the utilization of two mutual sequential clean renewable energies, which are biomass and photovoltaic (PV) energy. The first strategy, which is called the eco-availability mode, is a simple method. It is based on operating the renewable electrical energy sources during the available time of operation, taking into consideration the simple and basic technical issues only, without considering the sophisticated technical and economical models. The available operation time is determined by the environmental condition. This strategy is addressed to result on the maximum available Biomass and PV energy generation based on the least environmental and technical conditions (panel efficiency, minimum average daily sunshine hours per month, minimum average solar insolation per month). The second strategy, which is called the Intelligent Scheduling (IS) mode, relies on an intelligent Reconfigured Whale Optimization Technique (RWOT) based-model. In this strategy, some additional technical and economical issues are considered. The studied renewable electrical energy generation system is considered in two scenarios, which are with and without storage units. The objective (cost) function of the scheduling optimization problem, for both scenarios, are developed. Also, the boundary conditions and problem constraints are concluded. The RWOT algorithm is an updated Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). It is developed to accelerate the rate of reaching the optimal solution for the IS problem. The two strategies simulation and implementation are illustrated and applied to the seaport of Damietta, which is an Egyptian port, located 10 km to the west of the Nile River (Damietta Branch). The scheduling of PV and biomass energy generation during the different year months is examined for both strategies. The impact of renewable electrical energies generation scheduling on carbon dioxide emission and consequently global warming is discussed. The saving in carbon dioxide emission is calculated and the efficient results of the suggested models are clarified. The carbon dioxide emission is reduced to around its fifth value, during renewable energy operation. This work focuses on decreasing the rate of growth of carbon dioxide emission coming from fossil fuel electrical power generation in Egypt, targeting, sustainable green seaports, through three main contributions in clean renewable electrical energies scheduling,. The contributions are; 1-presenting the eco-availability mode for minimum gifted biomass and PV energy generation, 2-developing and progressing the IRWOT scheduling strategy for both scenarios (with and without storage unit), 3-defining the scheduling optimization problem boundary conditions and constraints.

Risks of indirect land use impacts and greenhouse gas consequences: an assessment of Thailand's bioethanol policy

Biofuels are fuels of biological origin, and they are among the prominent energy sources from renewable energy sources in recent years. Unlike fuels such as petroleum derivatives, coal, natural gas, biofuels are renewable and sustainable energy sources. Biofuels can be obtained by thermochemical or biochemical methods from agricultural and forestry products, animal and vegetable residues and wastes, organic origin domestic, industrial and urban wastes. Global warming caused by greenhouse gas effect is today shown as the most important common environmental problem in the world. The most important advantage of using biofuels in environmental terms is that there will be a reduction of greenhouse gas impact and acid rain. In this study, it is aimed to produce and characterize jet fuel by converting from pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed oil, which is a sustainable bio energy source, into biofuel, by transesterification method. It has an important place in matters such as environment, sustainability, and reduction of carbon emissions. Biojet fuel produced using pumpkin seed oil, which is a sustainable resource, is a candidate product for development and commercialization.

Novel energy station by natural fluid <scp> CO ₂ </scp>

This research examines the effects of economic growth and energy consumption in the new developing economic block of Silk Road on carbon emissions (SERB). The energy consumption is further synthesized into renewable and non-renewable energy sources to distinguish their role in carbon emissions. This study considered panel data (1995-2014) of twenty-four middle-income countries along the Belt and Road initiative for empirical analysis. The fixed effect, random effect, and GMM methods were performed to confirm the cointegration relationship. Results highlighted the role of economic growth, renewable energy, and nonerasable energy on carbon emissions in the short and long run. Thus, it can be concluded that the newly emerging block resulting from Belt and Road initiative could get the maximum economic benefits of this project by using renewable energy sources. The new renewable energy projects may help increase clean energy and reduce carbon emissions in the emerging economic block due to the Belt and Road initiative.

Imposing versus Enacting Commitments for the Long‐Term Energy Transition: Perspectives from the Firm

Purpose ─ This study examines the effects of economic growth, the use of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, and trade openness on carbon emissions in VISTA countries (Vietnam, Indonesia, South Africa, Turkiye, and Argentina)Method ─ In this work, empirical methods include the second-generation unit root and cointegration tests, as well as Panel AMG and Panel CCE estimators.Findings ─ The following are the key findings. First, the variables demonstrate a long-run relationship. Second, economic growth and the consumption of non-renewable energy sources contribute to an increase in carbon emissions over time, whereas the consumption of renewable energy sources lowers carbon emissions over time. Implication ─ To promote sustainable growth in VISTA countries, it is recommended to increase investments in renewable energy sources while enhanching public sector supports for the private sector.Originality ─ This is the first study to examine how economic growth, trade openness, and renewable and non-renewable energy sources affect carbon emissions in VISTA nations.

Challenges of Employing Renewable Energy for Reducing Green House Gases (GHGs) and Carbon Footprint

Opening address to Wind, Fire and Water: Renewable Energy and Birds

Energy consumption and the concomitant Green House Gases (GHG) emissions of network infrastructures are becoming major issues in the Information and Communication Society (ICS). Current optical network infrastructures (routers, switches, line cards, signal regenerators, optical amplifiers, etc.) have reached huge bandwidth capacity but the development has not been compensated adequately as for their energy consumption. Renewable energy sources (e.g. solar, wind, tide, etc.) are emerging as a promising solution both to achieve drastically reduction in GHG emissions and to cope with the growing power requirements of network infrastructures. The main contribution of this paper is the formulation and the comparison of several energy-aware static routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) strategies for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks where optical devices can be powered either by renewable or legacy energy sources. The objectives of such formulations are the minimization of either the GHG emissions or the overall network power consumption. The solutions of all these formulations, based on integer linear programming (ILP), have been observed to obtain a complete perspective and estimate a lower bound for the energy consumption and the GHG emissions attainable through any feasible dynamic energy-aware RWA strategy and hence can be considered as a reference for evaluating optimal energy consumption and GHG emissions within the RWA context. Optimal results of the ILP formulations show remarkable savings both on the overall power consumption and on the GHG emissions with just 25% of green energy sources.

RETRACTED: Natural resources environmental quality and economic development: Fresh analysis

One of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy supply to supplement the increasing energy demand and reducing environment pollution is renewable energy resources. Malaysia is currently the world's second largest producer and exporter of palm oil and 47% of the world's supply of palm oil is produced by this country. Nearly 80 million tonnes of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) are processed annually in 406 palm oil mills and are generating approximately 54 million tonnes of palm oil mill effluent (POME), known to generate biogas consisting of methane – a Green House Gas (GHG) identifiable to cause global warming. This is 21 times more potent GHG than CO2. These two major oil palm wastes are a viable renewable energy (RE) source for production of electricity. If the two sources are used in harnessing the renewable energy potential the pollution intensity from usage of non-renewable sources can also be reduced significantly. This study focused on the pollution mitigation potential of biogas as biogas is a renewable energy. Utilization of this renewable source for the production of electricity is believed to reduce GHG emissions to the atmosphere.

Energy-related activities are a major contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A growing body of knowledge clearly depicts the links between human activities and climate change. Over the last century the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil and other human activities has released carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and other heat-trapping GHG emissions into the atmosphere and thus increased the concentration of atmospheric CO2 emissions. The main human activities that emit CO2 emissions are (1) the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity, accounting for about 37% of total U.S. CO2 emissions and 31% of total U.S. GHG emissions in 2013, (2) the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel to transport people and goods, accounting for about 31% of total U.S. CO2 emissions and 26% of total U.S. GHG emissions in 2013, and (3) industrial processes such as the production and consumption of minerals and chemicals, accounting for about 15% of total U.S. CO2 emissions and 12% of total ...

Major US electric utility climate pledges have the potential to collectively reduce power sector emissions by one-third

In recent times, the continuous dependence on fossil fuel as a major energy source has come under intense scrutiny in environmental and energy policy discourses. Such energy sources emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) – a major cause of climate change – and threaten global energy security and environmental health. Renewable energy (RE) sources such as solar, wind, hydro and biomass have gained increasing popularity as attractive alternatives around which global partnerships and cooperation continue to grow. The capital cost associated with the development of some of these energy sources are however huge, necessitating comprehensive evaluation of locational suitability before proceeding with RE investments. While several traditional methodological approaches for the assessment of RE potentials abound, the significant role of the remote sensing (RS) technology in this regard is enormous and hence represents the focus of this paper. Literature on the shift towards green energy, remote sensing technology, and its applications in the development of four renewable energy sources – solar, wind, hydro and biomass – are explored. Case studies were drawn from different geographies around the world to highlight the capabilities of the remote sensing technologies in RE development and variations in the approaches and methodologies adopted in RE resources assessments. The paper concludes that the role of RS technology in renewable energy is huge and growing. Notwithstanding, the need for multi-criteria analysis in the selection of suitable locations for RE investments makes the combination of both GIS and Remote sensing technologies necessary.