Abstract
For a classical nonrelativistic charged particle in an external time-dependent electromagnetic field the particle's energy is not in general the particle's Hamiltonian. A gauge-invariant energy is defined as the sum of the kinetic energy and the conservative potential energy. The rate of change of the particle's energy is equal to the power supplied to the particle by the external time-dependent electromagnetic field. The particle's energy is its Hamiltonian minus the scalar potential of the time-dependent electromagnetic field (multiplied by the charge).
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
